Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials

<i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> (Lour.) Spreng, also known locally as “Bangun-bangun”, is an aromatic medicinal herb known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed to its terpenoid-rich phytochemicals. Information to assist in initiating appropriate harvesting time to max...

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Autores principales:	Nur Suhanawati Ashaari, Nurul Elyani Mohamad, Amirul Hafizin Afzinizam, Mohd-Hairul Ab. Rahim, Kok Song Lai, Janna Ong Abdullah
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	essential oil Lamiaceae <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> terpenoids carvacrol thymoquinone Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/39985894d76f4e0880a1a5cb5ccc085a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:39985894d76f4e0880a1a5cb5ccc085a2021-11-25T16:39:05ZChemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials10.3390/app1122108382076-3417https://doaj.org/article/39985894d76f4e0880a1a5cb5ccc085a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10838https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417<i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> (Lour.) Spreng, also known locally as “Bangun-bangun”, is an aromatic medicinal herb known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed to its terpenoid-rich phytochemicals. Information to assist in initiating appropriate harvesting time to maximize the yield of targeted chemicals in harvested plant tissues remains an issue that is seldom highlighted. This study reports on the essential oil distribution in <i>P. amboinicus</i> leaves, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in addition to GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of the leaf samples collected at various times throughout the day. The influence of environmental factors on γ-terpinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymoquinone are also discussed. Oil Red O staining showed the highest oil deposition at 2 p.m., which was consistent with the phenolic and flavonoid contents of this plant. GC-MS analysis of the leaf extract showed carvacrol (47.00–60.00%), γ-terpinene (8.00–10.00%), caryophyllene (~6.00%), p-cymene (4.90–6.50%), <i>trans</i>-α-bergamotene (4.70–5.00%), and thymoquinone (3.30–5.60%) were the major components of this plant. Interestingly, thymoquinone, a phytochemical associated with <i>Nigella sativa</i>, was also detected in this hexane-extracted sample with maximum accumulation during midday and a decrease at night, which could be due to the lower temperature and dimmer light conditions. The chemical polymorphism in the oil content indicated that environmental factors such as light exposure and temperature should be considered during harvesting to ensure consistent quality of the phytochemicals extracted from the plant materials. This study indicates that oversight in selecting plant materials might compromise the yield of quality phytochemicals extracted from harvested tissues.Nur Suhanawati AshaariNurul Elyani MohamadAmirul Hafizin AfzinizamMohd-Hairul Ab. RahimKok Song LaiJanna Ong AbdullahMDPI AGarticleessential oilLamiaceae<i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i>terpenoidscarvacrolthymoquinoneTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10838, p 10838 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	essential oil Lamiaceae <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> terpenoids carvacrol thymoquinone Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	essential oil Lamiaceae <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> terpenoids carvacrol thymoquinone Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Nur Suhanawati Ashaari Nurul Elyani Mohamad Amirul Hafizin Afzinizam Mohd-Hairul Ab. Rahim Kok Song Lai Janna Ong Abdullah Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
description	<i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> (Lour.) Spreng, also known locally as “Bangun-bangun”, is an aromatic medicinal herb known for its therapeutic and nutritional properties attributed to its terpenoid-rich phytochemicals. Information to assist in initiating appropriate harvesting time to maximize the yield of targeted chemicals in harvested plant tissues remains an issue that is seldom highlighted. This study reports on the essential oil distribution in <i>P. amboinicus</i> leaves, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in addition to GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of the leaf samples collected at various times throughout the day. The influence of environmental factors on γ-terpinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymoquinone are also discussed. Oil Red O staining showed the highest oil deposition at 2 p.m., which was consistent with the phenolic and flavonoid contents of this plant. GC-MS analysis of the leaf extract showed carvacrol (47.00–60.00%), γ-terpinene (8.00–10.00%), caryophyllene (~6.00%), p-cymene (4.90–6.50%), <i>trans</i>-α-bergamotene (4.70–5.00%), and thymoquinone (3.30–5.60%) were the major components of this plant. Interestingly, thymoquinone, a phytochemical associated with <i>Nigella sativa</i>, was also detected in this hexane-extracted sample with maximum accumulation during midday and a decrease at night, which could be due to the lower temperature and dimmer light conditions. The chemical polymorphism in the oil content indicated that environmental factors such as light exposure and temperature should be considered during harvesting to ensure consistent quality of the phytochemicals extracted from the plant materials. This study indicates that oversight in selecting plant materials might compromise the yield of quality phytochemicals extracted from harvested tissues.
format	article
author	Nur Suhanawati Ashaari Nurul Elyani Mohamad Amirul Hafizin Afzinizam Mohd-Hairul Ab. Rahim Kok Song Lai Janna Ong Abdullah
author_facet	Nur Suhanawati Ashaari Nurul Elyani Mohamad Amirul Hafizin Afzinizam Mohd-Hairul Ab. Rahim Kok Song Lai Janna Ong Abdullah
author_sort	Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
title	Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
title_short	Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
title_full	Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
title_fullStr	Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
title_full_unstemmed	Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials
title_sort	chemical composition of hexane-extracted <i>plectranthus amboinicus</i> leaf essential oil: maximizing contents on harvested plant materials
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/39985894d76f4e0880a1a5cb5ccc085a
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Chemical Composition of Hexane-Extracted <i>Plectranthus amboinicus</i> Leaf Essential Oil: Maximizing Contents on Harvested Plant Materials

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