Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.

Tobacco smoking might be impacted by various influences, including psychological, socio-cultural, and economic factors. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Syrian Arab Republic from March to April 2019 using a web-based questionnaire. The survey aimed at assessing tobacco use (...

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Autores principales:	Ameer Kakaje, Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi, Ayham Alyousbashi, Ayham Ghareeb, Loura Hamid, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/39d3b889697340c585c3df7e6aace5e0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:39d3b889697340c585c3df7e6aace5e02021-12-02T20:08:33ZSmoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0256829https://doaj.org/article/39d3b889697340c585c3df7e6aace5e02021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256829https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Tobacco smoking might be impacted by various influences, including psychological, socio-cultural, and economic factors. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Syrian Arab Republic from March to April 2019 using a web-based questionnaire. The survey aimed at assessing tobacco use (shisha and cigarettes) as well as examining the association between current tobacco use and various sociodemographic and war-related factors. The sample comprised 978 participants (251 males: 727 females) and had a mean age of 24.7 years (SD: 7.60). Most participants were single (n = 825, 84.4%), reside in Damascus and Rif-Dimashq (n = 579, 59.2%), and had a college/university education (n = 911, 93.1%). Concerning smoking, a total of 371 participants (37.9%) were identified to be current tobacco smokers, of whom 211, 84, 76 were exclusive shisha smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, and dual smokers, respectively. The prevalence of cigarette smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was found to be 34.7%, and 10.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of shisha smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was around 34.3% and 27.6%, respectively. Additionally, various factors have predicted a higher likelihood of cigarette smoking including male gender (AOR = 4.152; 95% CI: 2.842-6.064; p<0.001), and losing someone due to the war (AOR = 1.487; 95% CI: 1.028-2.151; p = 0.035), while unemployed individuals were found to have lower odds of being cigarette smokers (AOR = 0.634; 95% CI: 0.429-0.937; p = 0.022). Concerning shisha smoking, married (AOR = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.402-0.963; p = 0.033), and unemployed individuals (AOR = 0.679; 95% CI: 0.503-0.916; p = 0.011) were found to have lower odds of shisha smoking. Amid the tobacco epidemic in the region, rates of tobacco use in Syria are still worrying. The Syrian armed conflicts may possess a double-edged effect on smoking, and tobacco users who adopt smoking to cope with various stressors should be targeted with well-structured health education, along with appropriate psychological services.Ameer KakajeMohammad Marwan AlhalabiAyham AlyousbashiAyham GhareebLoura HamidAla'a B Al-TammemiPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e0256829 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ameer Kakaje Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi Ayham Alyousbashi Ayham Ghareeb Loura Hamid Ala'a B Al-Tammemi Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
description	Tobacco smoking might be impacted by various influences, including psychological, socio-cultural, and economic factors. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Syrian Arab Republic from March to April 2019 using a web-based questionnaire. The survey aimed at assessing tobacco use (shisha and cigarettes) as well as examining the association between current tobacco use and various sociodemographic and war-related factors. The sample comprised 978 participants (251 males: 727 females) and had a mean age of 24.7 years (SD: 7.60). Most participants were single (n = 825, 84.4%), reside in Damascus and Rif-Dimashq (n = 579, 59.2%), and had a college/university education (n = 911, 93.1%). Concerning smoking, a total of 371 participants (37.9%) were identified to be current tobacco smokers, of whom 211, 84, 76 were exclusive shisha smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, and dual smokers, respectively. The prevalence of cigarette smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was found to be 34.7%, and 10.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of shisha smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was around 34.3% and 27.6%, respectively. Additionally, various factors have predicted a higher likelihood of cigarette smoking including male gender (AOR = 4.152; 95% CI: 2.842-6.064; p<0.001), and losing someone due to the war (AOR = 1.487; 95% CI: 1.028-2.151; p = 0.035), while unemployed individuals were found to have lower odds of being cigarette smokers (AOR = 0.634; 95% CI: 0.429-0.937; p = 0.022). Concerning shisha smoking, married (AOR = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.402-0.963; p = 0.033), and unemployed individuals (AOR = 0.679; 95% CI: 0.503-0.916; p = 0.011) were found to have lower odds of shisha smoking. Amid the tobacco epidemic in the region, rates of tobacco use in Syria are still worrying. The Syrian armed conflicts may possess a double-edged effect on smoking, and tobacco users who adopt smoking to cope with various stressors should be targeted with well-structured health education, along with appropriate psychological services.
format	article
author	Ameer Kakaje Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi Ayham Alyousbashi Ayham Ghareeb Loura Hamid Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
author_facet	Ameer Kakaje Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi Ayham Alyousbashi Ayham Ghareeb Loura Hamid Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
author_sort	Ameer Kakaje
title	Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
title_short	Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
title_full	Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
title_fullStr	Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
title_full_unstemmed	Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.
title_sort	smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in syria.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/39d3b889697340c585c3df7e6aace5e0
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Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria.

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