Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)

Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growt...

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Autores principales:	Runqiang Liu, Jingchong Li, Lei Zhang, Ta Feng, Zhiyong Zhang, Baohong Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	fungicide toxicity oxidative stress wheat Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3a0e7c5340d14fcb8b9d85e25eaca2f4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3a0e7c5340d14fcb8b9d85e25eaca2f42021-11-25T18:45:05ZFungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)10.3390/plants101123042223-7747https://doaj.org/article/3a0e7c5340d14fcb8b9d85e25eaca2f42021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2304https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growth and development and its involved mechanism are unclear. In this study, we discovered that difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively, under different regimes of treatment concentrations and periods. Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area. Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis. Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings. SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves. Based on our study, plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves. In summary, difenoconazole exposure caused oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions, and then inhibited wheat plant growth and development.Runqiang LiuJingchong LiLei ZhangTa FengZhiyong ZhangBaohong ZhangMDPI AGarticlefungicidetoxicityoxidative stresswheatBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2304, p 2304 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	fungicide toxicity oxidative stress wheat Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	fungicide toxicity oxidative stress wheat Botany QK1-989 Runqiang Liu Jingchong Li Lei Zhang Ta Feng Zhiyong Zhang Baohong Zhang Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
description	Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growth and development and its involved mechanism are unclear. In this study, we discovered that difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively, under different regimes of treatment concentrations and periods. Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area. Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis. Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings. SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves. Based on our study, plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves. In summary, difenoconazole exposure caused oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions, and then inhibited wheat plant growth and development.
format	article
author	Runqiang Liu Jingchong Li Lei Zhang Ta Feng Zhiyong Zhang Baohong Zhang
author_facet	Runqiang Liu Jingchong Li Lei Zhang Ta Feng Zhiyong Zhang Baohong Zhang
author_sort	Runqiang Liu
title	Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
title_short	Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
title_full	Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
title_fullStr	Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
title_full_unstemmed	Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
title_sort	fungicide difenoconazole induced biochemical and developmental toxicity in wheat (<i>triticum aestivum</i> l.)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3a0e7c5340d14fcb8b9d85e25eaca2f4
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Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)

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