Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)

Caecilians (order Gymnophiona) are apodan, snake-like amphibians, usually with fossorial habits, constituting one of the most unknown groups of terrestrial vertebrates. As in orders Anura (frogs, tree frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts), the caecilian skin is rich in mucous glands,...

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Autores principales:	Beatriz Mauricio, Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, Luciana Almeida Sato, Flavia Ferreira Barbosa, Renato Mancini Astray, Alexander Kupfer, Edmund D. Brodie, Carlos Jared, Marta Maria Antoniazzi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	amphibia Gymnophiona skin glands poison toxins Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3a2b77e0b7eb47b08630a445cfa505d9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3a2b77e0b7eb47b08630a445cfa505d92021-11-25T19:08:45ZMorphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)10.3390/toxins131107792072-6651https://doaj.org/article/3a2b77e0b7eb47b08630a445cfa505d92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/779https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Caecilians (order Gymnophiona) are apodan, snake-like amphibians, usually with fossorial habits, constituting one of the most unknown groups of terrestrial vertebrates. As in orders Anura (frogs, tree frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts), the caecilian skin is rich in mucous glands, responsible for body lubrication, and poison glands, producing varied toxins used in defence against predators and microorganisms. Whereas in anurans and caudatans skin gland morphology has been well studied, caecilian poison glands remain poorly elucidated. Here we characterised the skin gland morphology of the caecilian <i>Siphonops annulatus</i>, emphasising the poison glands in comparison to those of anurans and salamanders. We showed that <i>S. annulatus</i> glands are similar to those of salamanders, consisting of several syncytial compartments full of granules composed of protein material but showing some differentiated apical compartments containing mucus. An unusual structure resembling a mucous gland is frequently observed in lateral/apical position, apparently connected to the main duct. We conclude that the morphology of skin poison glands in caecilians is more similar to salamander glands when compared to anuran glands that show a much-simplified structure.Beatriz MauricioPedro Luiz Mailho-FontanaLuciana Almeida SatoFlavia Ferreira BarbosaRenato Mancini AstrayAlexander KupferEdmund D. BrodieCarlos JaredMarta Maria AntoniazziMDPI AGarticleamphibiaGymnophionaskin glandspoisontoxinsMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 779, p 779 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	amphibia Gymnophiona skin glands poison toxins Medicine R
spellingShingle	amphibia Gymnophiona skin glands poison toxins Medicine R Beatriz Mauricio Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana Luciana Almeida Sato Flavia Ferreira Barbosa Renato Mancini Astray Alexander Kupfer Edmund D. Brodie Carlos Jared Marta Maria Antoniazzi Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
description	Caecilians (order Gymnophiona) are apodan, snake-like amphibians, usually with fossorial habits, constituting one of the most unknown groups of terrestrial vertebrates. As in orders Anura (frogs, tree frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts), the caecilian skin is rich in mucous glands, responsible for body lubrication, and poison glands, producing varied toxins used in defence against predators and microorganisms. Whereas in anurans and caudatans skin gland morphology has been well studied, caecilian poison glands remain poorly elucidated. Here we characterised the skin gland morphology of the caecilian <i>Siphonops annulatus</i>, emphasising the poison glands in comparison to those of anurans and salamanders. We showed that <i>S. annulatus</i> glands are similar to those of salamanders, consisting of several syncytial compartments full of granules composed of protein material but showing some differentiated apical compartments containing mucus. An unusual structure resembling a mucous gland is frequently observed in lateral/apical position, apparently connected to the main duct. We conclude that the morphology of skin poison glands in caecilians is more similar to salamander glands when compared to anuran glands that show a much-simplified structure.
format	article
author	Beatriz Mauricio Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana Luciana Almeida Sato Flavia Ferreira Barbosa Renato Mancini Astray Alexander Kupfer Edmund D. Brodie Carlos Jared Marta Maria Antoniazzi
author_facet	Beatriz Mauricio Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana Luciana Almeida Sato Flavia Ferreira Barbosa Renato Mancini Astray Alexander Kupfer Edmund D. Brodie Carlos Jared Marta Maria Antoniazzi
author_sort	Beatriz Mauricio
title	Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
title_short	Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
title_full	Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
title_fullStr	Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
title_full_unstemmed	Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)
title_sort	morphology of the cutaneous poison and mucous glands in amphibians with particular emphasis on caecilians (<i>siphonops annulatus</i>)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3a2b77e0b7eb47b08630a445cfa505d9
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Morphology of the Cutaneous Poison and Mucous Glands in Amphibians with Particular Emphasis on Caecilians (<i>Siphonops annulatus</i>)

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