Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis

Although understanding how soluble cues direct cellular processes revolutionised the study of cell biology in the second half of the 20th century, over the last two decades, new insights into how mechanical cues similarly impact cell fate decisions has gained momentum. During development, extrinsic...

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Autores principales:	Jonna Petzold, Eileen Gentleman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	mechanotransduction stem cell embryogenesis stiffness development Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3a995e87531c492b9c668a9598aec9c1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3a995e87531c492b9c668a9598aec9c12021-11-08T06:21:30ZIntrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis2296-634X10.3389/fcell.2021.761871https://doaj.org/article/3a995e87531c492b9c668a9598aec9c12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.761871/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-634XAlthough understanding how soluble cues direct cellular processes revolutionised the study of cell biology in the second half of the 20th century, over the last two decades, new insights into how mechanical cues similarly impact cell fate decisions has gained momentum. During development, extrinsic cues such as fluid flow, shear stress and compressive forces are essential for normal embryogenesis to proceed. Indeed, both adult and embryonic stem cells can respond to applied forces, but they can also detect intrinsic mechanical cues from their surrounding environment, such as the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, which impacts differentiation and morphogenesis. Cells can detect changes in their mechanical environment using cell surface receptors such as integrins and focal adhesions. Moreover, dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton have been identified as a key means by which forces are transmitted from the extracellular matrix to the cell and vice versa. Although we have some understanding of the downstream mechanisms whereby mechanical cues are translated into changes in cell behaviour, many of the signalling pathways remain to be defined. This review discusses the importance of intrinsic mechanical cues on adult cell fate decisions, the emerging roles of cell surface mechano-sensors and the cytoskeleton in enabling cells to sense its microenvironment, and the role of intracellular signalling in translating mechanical cues into transcriptional outputs. In addition, the contribution of mechanical cues to fundamental processes during embryogenesis such as apical constriction and convergent extension is discussed. The continued development of tools to measure the biomechanical properties of soft tissues in vivo is likely to uncover currently underestimated contributions of these cues to adult stem cell fate decisions and embryogenesis, and may inform on regenerative strategies for tissue repair.Jonna PetzoldEileen GentlemanFrontiers Media S.A.articlemechanotransductionstem cellembryogenesisstiffnessdevelopmentBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENFrontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mechanotransduction stem cell embryogenesis stiffness development Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	mechanotransduction stem cell embryogenesis stiffness development Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Jonna Petzold Eileen Gentleman Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
description	Although understanding how soluble cues direct cellular processes revolutionised the study of cell biology in the second half of the 20th century, over the last two decades, new insights into how mechanical cues similarly impact cell fate decisions has gained momentum. During development, extrinsic cues such as fluid flow, shear stress and compressive forces are essential for normal embryogenesis to proceed. Indeed, both adult and embryonic stem cells can respond to applied forces, but they can also detect intrinsic mechanical cues from their surrounding environment, such as the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, which impacts differentiation and morphogenesis. Cells can detect changes in their mechanical environment using cell surface receptors such as integrins and focal adhesions. Moreover, dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton have been identified as a key means by which forces are transmitted from the extracellular matrix to the cell and vice versa. Although we have some understanding of the downstream mechanisms whereby mechanical cues are translated into changes in cell behaviour, many of the signalling pathways remain to be defined. This review discusses the importance of intrinsic mechanical cues on adult cell fate decisions, the emerging roles of cell surface mechano-sensors and the cytoskeleton in enabling cells to sense its microenvironment, and the role of intracellular signalling in translating mechanical cues into transcriptional outputs. In addition, the contribution of mechanical cues to fundamental processes during embryogenesis such as apical constriction and convergent extension is discussed. The continued development of tools to measure the biomechanical properties of soft tissues in vivo is likely to uncover currently underestimated contributions of these cues to adult stem cell fate decisions and embryogenesis, and may inform on regenerative strategies for tissue repair.
format	article
author	Jonna Petzold Eileen Gentleman
author_facet	Jonna Petzold Eileen Gentleman
author_sort	Jonna Petzold
title	Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
title_short	Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
title_full	Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
title_fullStr	Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
title_full_unstemmed	Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis
title_sort	intrinsic mechanical cues and their impact on stem cells and embryogenesis
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3a995e87531c492b9c668a9598aec9c1
work_keys_str_mv	AT jonnapetzold intrinsicmechanicalcuesandtheirimpactonstemcellsandembryogenesis AT eileengentleman intrinsicmechanicalcuesandtheirimpactonstemcellsandembryogenesis
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Intrinsic Mechanical Cues and Their Impact on Stem Cells and Embryogenesis

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