AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology

From the first use of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems for remote sensing in the 1950s, AEM data acquisition, processing and inversion technology have rapidly developed. Once used extensively for mineral exploration in its early days, the technology is increasingly being applied in other indus...

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Autores principales:	Edward J. Harrison, Vikas C. Baranwal, Andreas A. Pfaffhuber, Craig W. Christensen, Guro H. Skurdal, Jan Steinar Rønning, Helgard Anschütz, Marco Brönner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	airborne geophysics remote sensing AEM TEM FHEM resistivity Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3ae749a69b56408dae96c33b9cdaa79e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3ae749a69b56408dae96c33b9cdaa79e2021-11-25T18:55:24ZAEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology10.3390/rs132246872072-4292https://doaj.org/article/3ae749a69b56408dae96c33b9cdaa79e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4687https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292From the first use of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems for remote sensing in the 1950s, AEM data acquisition, processing and inversion technology have rapidly developed. Once used extensively for mineral exploration in its early days, the technology is increasingly being applied in other industries alongside ground-based investigation techniques. This paper reviews the application of onshore AEM in Norway over the past decades. Norway’s rugged terrain and complex post-glacial sedimentary geology have contributed to the later adoption of AEM for widespread mapping compared to neighbouring Nordic countries. We illustrate AEM’s utility by using two detailed case studies, including time-domain and frequency domain AEM. In both cases, we combine AEM with other geophysical, geological and geotechnical drillings to enhance interpretation, including machine learning methods. The end results included bedrock surfaces predicted with an accuracy of 25% of depth, identification of hazardous quick clay deposits, and sedimentary basin mapping. These case studies illustrate that although today’s AEM systems do not have the resolution required for late-phase, detailed engineering design, AEM is a valuable tool for early-phase site investigations. Intrusive, ground-based methods are slower and more expensive, but when they are used to complement the weaknesses of AEM data, site investigations can become more efficient. With new developments of drone-borne (UAV) systems and increasing investment in AEM surveys, we see the potential for continued global adoption of this technology.Edward J. HarrisonVikas C. BaranwalAndreas A. PfaffhuberCraig W. ChristensenGuro H. SkurdalJan Steinar RønningHelgard AnschützMarco BrönnerMDPI AGarticleairborne geophysicsremote sensingAEMTEMFHEMresistivityScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4687, p 4687 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	airborne geophysics remote sensing AEM TEM FHEM resistivity Science Q
spellingShingle	airborne geophysics remote sensing AEM TEM FHEM resistivity Science Q Edward J. Harrison Vikas C. Baranwal Andreas A. Pfaffhuber Craig W. Christensen Guro H. Skurdal Jan Steinar Rønning Helgard Anschütz Marco Brönner AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
description	From the first use of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems for remote sensing in the 1950s, AEM data acquisition, processing and inversion technology have rapidly developed. Once used extensively for mineral exploration in its early days, the technology is increasingly being applied in other industries alongside ground-based investigation techniques. This paper reviews the application of onshore AEM in Norway over the past decades. Norway’s rugged terrain and complex post-glacial sedimentary geology have contributed to the later adoption of AEM for widespread mapping compared to neighbouring Nordic countries. We illustrate AEM’s utility by using two detailed case studies, including time-domain and frequency domain AEM. In both cases, we combine AEM with other geophysical, geological and geotechnical drillings to enhance interpretation, including machine learning methods. The end results included bedrock surfaces predicted with an accuracy of 25% of depth, identification of hazardous quick clay deposits, and sedimentary basin mapping. These case studies illustrate that although today’s AEM systems do not have the resolution required for late-phase, detailed engineering design, AEM is a valuable tool for early-phase site investigations. Intrusive, ground-based methods are slower and more expensive, but when they are used to complement the weaknesses of AEM data, site investigations can become more efficient. With new developments of drone-borne (UAV) systems and increasing investment in AEM surveys, we see the potential for continued global adoption of this technology.
format	article
author	Edward J. Harrison Vikas C. Baranwal Andreas A. Pfaffhuber Craig W. Christensen Guro H. Skurdal Jan Steinar Rønning Helgard Anschütz Marco Brönner
author_facet	Edward J. Harrison Vikas C. Baranwal Andreas A. Pfaffhuber Craig W. Christensen Guro H. Skurdal Jan Steinar Rønning Helgard Anschütz Marco Brönner
author_sort	Edward J. Harrison
title	AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
title_short	AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
title_full	AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
title_fullStr	AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
title_full_unstemmed	AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology
title_sort	aem in norway: a review of the coverage, applications and the state of technology
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3ae749a69b56408dae96c33b9cdaa79e
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AEM in Norway: A Review of the Coverage, Applications and the State of Technology

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