Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.

Among the varied adaptations for avian flight, the morphological traits allowing large-bodied albatrosses to capitalize on wind and wave energy for efficient long-distance flight are unparalleled. Consequently, the biogeographic distribution of most albatrosses is limited to the windiest oceanic reg...

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Autores principales:	Robert M Suryan, David J Anderson, Scott A Shaffer, Daniel D Roby, Yann Tremblay, Daniel P Costa, Paul R Sievert, Fumio Sato, Kiyoaki Ozaki, Gregory R Balogh, Noboru Nakamura
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3b156f2253504ed8b055fbf745284928
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3b156f2253504ed8b055fbf7452849282021-11-25T06:18:03ZWind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0004016https://doaj.org/article/3b156f2253504ed8b055fbf7452849282008-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19107200/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Among the varied adaptations for avian flight, the morphological traits allowing large-bodied albatrosses to capitalize on wind and wave energy for efficient long-distance flight are unparalleled. Consequently, the biogeographic distribution of most albatrosses is limited to the windiest oceanic regions on earth; however, exceptions exist. Species breeding in the North and Central Pacific Ocean (Phoebastria spp.) inhabit regions of lower wind speed and wave height than southern hemisphere genera, and have large intrageneric variation in body size and aerodynamic performance. Here, we test the hypothesis that regional wind and wave regimes explain observed differences in Phoebastria albatross morphology and we compare their aerodynamic performance to representatives from the other three genera of this globally distributed avian family. In the North and Central Pacific, two species (short-tailed P. albatrus and waved P. irrorata) are markedly larger, yet have the smallest breeding ranges near highly productive coastal upwelling systems. Short-tailed albatrosses, however, have 60% higher wing loading (weight per area of lift) compared to waved albatrosses. Indeed, calculated aerodynamic performance of waved albatrosses, the only tropical albatross species, is more similar to those of their smaller congeners (black-footed P. nigripes and Laysan P. immutabilis), which have relatively low wing loading and much larger foraging ranges that include central oceanic gyres of relatively low productivity. Globally, the aerodynamic performance of short-tailed and waved albatrosses are most anomalous for their body sizes, yet consistent with wind regimes within their breeding season foraging ranges. Our results are the first to integrate global wind and wave patterns with albatross aerodynamics, thereby identifying morphological specialization that may explain limited breeding ranges of two endangered albatross species. These results are further relevant to understanding past and potentially predicting future distributional limits of albatrosses globally, particularly with respect to climate change effects on basin-scale and regional wind fields.Robert M SuryanDavid J AndersonScott A ShafferDaniel D RobyYann TremblayDaniel P CostaPaul R SievertFumio SatoKiyoaki OzakiGregory R BaloghNoboru NakamuraPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 12, p e4016 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Robert M Suryan David J Anderson Scott A Shaffer Daniel D Roby Yann Tremblay Daniel P Costa Paul R Sievert Fumio Sato Kiyoaki Ozaki Gregory R Balogh Noboru Nakamura Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
description	Among the varied adaptations for avian flight, the morphological traits allowing large-bodied albatrosses to capitalize on wind and wave energy for efficient long-distance flight are unparalleled. Consequently, the biogeographic distribution of most albatrosses is limited to the windiest oceanic regions on earth; however, exceptions exist. Species breeding in the North and Central Pacific Ocean (Phoebastria spp.) inhabit regions of lower wind speed and wave height than southern hemisphere genera, and have large intrageneric variation in body size and aerodynamic performance. Here, we test the hypothesis that regional wind and wave regimes explain observed differences in Phoebastria albatross morphology and we compare their aerodynamic performance to representatives from the other three genera of this globally distributed avian family. In the North and Central Pacific, two species (short-tailed P. albatrus and waved P. irrorata) are markedly larger, yet have the smallest breeding ranges near highly productive coastal upwelling systems. Short-tailed albatrosses, however, have 60% higher wing loading (weight per area of lift) compared to waved albatrosses. Indeed, calculated aerodynamic performance of waved albatrosses, the only tropical albatross species, is more similar to those of their smaller congeners (black-footed P. nigripes and Laysan P. immutabilis), which have relatively low wing loading and much larger foraging ranges that include central oceanic gyres of relatively low productivity. Globally, the aerodynamic performance of short-tailed and waved albatrosses are most anomalous for their body sizes, yet consistent with wind regimes within their breeding season foraging ranges. Our results are the first to integrate global wind and wave patterns with albatross aerodynamics, thereby identifying morphological specialization that may explain limited breeding ranges of two endangered albatross species. These results are further relevant to understanding past and potentially predicting future distributional limits of albatrosses globally, particularly with respect to climate change effects on basin-scale and regional wind fields.
format	article
author	Robert M Suryan David J Anderson Scott A Shaffer Daniel D Roby Yann Tremblay Daniel P Costa Paul R Sievert Fumio Sato Kiyoaki Ozaki Gregory R Balogh Noboru Nakamura
author_facet	Robert M Suryan David J Anderson Scott A Shaffer Daniel D Roby Yann Tremblay Daniel P Costa Paul R Sievert Fumio Sato Kiyoaki Ozaki Gregory R Balogh Noboru Nakamura
author_sort	Robert M Suryan
title	Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
title_short	Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
title_full	Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
title_fullStr	Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
title_full_unstemmed	Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
title_sort	wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/3b156f2253504ed8b055fbf745284928
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Wind, waves, and wing loading: morphological specialization may limit range expansion of endangered albatrosses.

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