Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. Howe...

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Autor principal:	Tatsuro Goda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	potentiometry label-free cell membranes tight junctions cytotoxicity Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c8323
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c83232021-11-11T19:14:15ZChemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors10.3390/s212172771424-8220https://doaj.org/article/3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c83232021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7277https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8220Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. However, the signal interpretation of passive pH sensing is difficult because many biological activities influence the spatiotemporal distribution of pH in the microenvironment. Moreover, time course measurement suffers from stability because of gradual drifts in signaling. To address these issues, an active method of pH sensing was developed for the analysis of the cell barrier in vitro. The microenvironmental pH is temporarily perturbed by introducing a low concentration of weak acid (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) or base (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>) to cells cultured on the gate insulator of ISFET using a superfusion system. Considering the pH perturbation originates from the semi-permeability of lipid bilayer plasma membranes, induced proton dynamics are used for analyzing the biomembrane barriers against ions and hydrated species following interaction with exogenous reagents. The unique feature of the method is the sensitivity to the formation of transmembrane pores as small as a proton (H<sup>+</sup>), enabling the analysis of cell–nanomaterial interactions at the molecular level. The new modality of cell analysis using ISFET is expected to be applied to nanomedicine, drug screening, and tissue engineering.Tatsuro GodaMDPI AGarticlepotentiometrylabel-freecell membranestight junctionscytotoxicityChemical technologyTP1-1185ENSensors, Vol 21, Iss 7277, p 7277 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	potentiometry label-free cell membranes tight junctions cytotoxicity Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	potentiometry label-free cell membranes tight junctions cytotoxicity Chemical technology TP1-1185 Tatsuro Goda Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
description	Potentiometric pH measurements have long been used for the bioanalysis of biofluids, tissues, and cells. A glass pH electrode and ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) can measure the time course of pH changes in a microenvironment as a result of physiological and biological activities. However, the signal interpretation of passive pH sensing is difficult because many biological activities influence the spatiotemporal distribution of pH in the microenvironment. Moreover, time course measurement suffers from stability because of gradual drifts in signaling. To address these issues, an active method of pH sensing was developed for the analysis of the cell barrier in vitro. The microenvironmental pH is temporarily perturbed by introducing a low concentration of weak acid (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) or base (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>−</sup>) to cells cultured on the gate insulator of ISFET using a superfusion system. Considering the pH perturbation originates from the semi-permeability of lipid bilayer plasma membranes, induced proton dynamics are used for analyzing the biomembrane barriers against ions and hydrated species following interaction with exogenous reagents. The unique feature of the method is the sensitivity to the formation of transmembrane pores as small as a proton (H<sup>+</sup>), enabling the analysis of cell–nanomaterial interactions at the molecular level. The new modality of cell analysis using ISFET is expected to be applied to nanomedicine, drug screening, and tissue engineering.
format	article
author	Tatsuro Goda
author_facet	Tatsuro Goda
author_sort	Tatsuro Goda
title	Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
title_short	Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
title_full	Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
title_fullStr	Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
title_full_unstemmed	Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors
title_sort	chemically induced ph perturbations for analyzing biological barriers using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3b8e0c9c029b45f08da2c7f9019c8323
work_keys_str_mv	AT tatsurogoda chemicallyinducedphperturbationsforanalyzingbiologicalbarriersusingionsensitivefieldeffecttransistors
_version_	1718431578173997056

Chemically Induced pH Perturbations for Analyzing Biological Barriers Using Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

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