Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives

Gian Gastone Mascetti Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Abstract: Sleep is a behavior characterized by a typical body posture, both eyes' closure, raised sensory threshold, distinctive electrographic signs, and a marked decrease of motor activity. In addi...

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Autor principal:	Mascetti GG
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2016
Materias:	sleep asymmetry unihemispheric dolphins seals birds. Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3b91335800d945dd9cea5ddbee407286
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3b91335800d945dd9cea5ddbee4072862021-12-02T08:38:27ZUnihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives1179-1608https://doaj.org/article/3b91335800d945dd9cea5ddbee4072862016-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/unihemispheric-sleep-and-asymmetrical-sleep-behavioral-neurophysiologi-peer-reviewed-article-NSShttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1608Gian Gastone Mascetti Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Abstract: Sleep is a behavior characterized by a typical body posture, both eyes' closure, raised sensory threshold, distinctive electrographic signs, and a marked decrease of motor activity. In addition, sleep is a periodically necessary behavior and therefore, in the majority of animals, it involves the whole brain and body. However, certain marine mammals and species of birds show a different sleep behavior, in which one cerebral hemisphere sleeps while the other is awake. In dolphins, eared seals, and manatees, unihemispheric sleep allows them to have the benefits of sleep, breathing, thermoregulation, and vigilance. In birds, antipredation vigilance is the main function of unihemispheric sleep, but in domestic chicks, it is also associated with brain lateralization or dominance in the control of behavior. Compared to bihemispheric sleep, unihemispheric sleep would mean a reduction of the time spent sleeping and of the associated recovery processes. However, the behavior and health of aquatic mammals and birds does not seem at all impaired by the reduction of sleep. The neural mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep are unknown, but assuming that the neural structures involved in sleep in cetaceans, seals, and birds are similar to those of terrestrial mammals, it is suggested that they involve the interaction of structures of the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and brain stem. The neural mechanisms promoting wakefulness dominate one side of the brain, while those promoting sleep predominates the other side. For cetaceans, unihemispheric sleep is the only way to sleep, while in seals and birds, unihemispheric sleep events are intermingled with bihemispheric and rapid eye movement sleep events. Electroencephalogram hemispheric asymmetries are also reported during bihemispheric sleep, at awakening, and at sleep onset, as well as being associated with a use-dependent process (local sleep). Keywords: sleep, asymmetry, unihemispheric, dolphins, seals, birdsMascetti GGDove Medical Pressarticlesleepasymmetryunihemisphericdolphinssealsbirds.PsychiatryRC435-571Neurophysiology and neuropsychologyQP351-495ENNature and Science of Sleep, Vol 2016, Iss Issue 1, Pp 221-238 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sleep asymmetry unihemispheric dolphins seals birds. Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
spellingShingle	sleep asymmetry unihemispheric dolphins seals birds. Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495 Mascetti GG Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
description	Gian Gastone Mascetti Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Abstract: Sleep is a behavior characterized by a typical body posture, both eyes' closure, raised sensory threshold, distinctive electrographic signs, and a marked decrease of motor activity. In addition, sleep is a periodically necessary behavior and therefore, in the majority of animals, it involves the whole brain and body. However, certain marine mammals and species of birds show a different sleep behavior, in which one cerebral hemisphere sleeps while the other is awake. In dolphins, eared seals, and manatees, unihemispheric sleep allows them to have the benefits of sleep, breathing, thermoregulation, and vigilance. In birds, antipredation vigilance is the main function of unihemispheric sleep, but in domestic chicks, it is also associated with brain lateralization or dominance in the control of behavior. Compared to bihemispheric sleep, unihemispheric sleep would mean a reduction of the time spent sleeping and of the associated recovery processes. However, the behavior and health of aquatic mammals and birds does not seem at all impaired by the reduction of sleep. The neural mechanisms of unihemispheric sleep are unknown, but assuming that the neural structures involved in sleep in cetaceans, seals, and birds are similar to those of terrestrial mammals, it is suggested that they involve the interaction of structures of the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and brain stem. The neural mechanisms promoting wakefulness dominate one side of the brain, while those promoting sleep predominates the other side. For cetaceans, unihemispheric sleep is the only way to sleep, while in seals and birds, unihemispheric sleep events are intermingled with bihemispheric and rapid eye movement sleep events. Electroencephalogram hemispheric asymmetries are also reported during bihemispheric sleep, at awakening, and at sleep onset, as well as being associated with a use-dependent process (local sleep). Keywords: sleep, asymmetry, unihemispheric, dolphins, seals, birds
format	article
author	Mascetti GG
author_facet	Mascetti GG
author_sort	Mascetti GG
title	Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
title_short	Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
title_full	Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
title_fullStr	Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
title_full_unstemmed	Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
title_sort	unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/3b91335800d945dd9cea5ddbee407286
work_keys_str_mv	AT mascettigg unihemisphericsleepandasymmetricalsleepbehavioralneurophysiologicalandfunctionalperspectives
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Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives

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