Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae

Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient in terms of...

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Autores principales:	Yingying Sun, Xiu Han, Zhijuan Hu, Tongjie Cheng, Qian Tang, Hui Wang, Xiaoqun Deng, Xu Han
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	extraction identification isolation mycosporine-like amino acids red macroalgae Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3cb8cf01bba648c2966d91799128e311
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3cb8cf01bba648c2966d91799128e3112021-11-25T18:12:50ZExtraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae10.3390/md191106151660-3397https://doaj.org/article/3cb8cf01bba648c2966d91799128e3112021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/19/11/615https://doaj.org/toc/1660-3397Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient in terms of effectiveness in application. To determine the extraction processes of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae (<i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i>, <i>Gelidium amansii</i>, <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i>, and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.), a series of single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out in which the effects of solvents, the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature, on the yields of MAA extracts, were analyzed. Further, the isolation and identification of MAAs from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp. were investigated. The results showed that the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature were 1:20 g/mL, 2 h, three times and 40 °C, respectively, when 25% methanol or 25% ethanol were used as the extraction solvent; these values were found to be suitable for the extraction of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography was successfully used, for the first time, for the detection MAAs in this work, and it could be clearly seen that <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> had the highest contents of MAAs among the four species of red macroalgae. MAA extracts from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> (or <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.) were isolated by silica gel column chromatography to obtain one fraction (or two fractions). The compositions and proportions of the MAAs in these fractions were determined via HPLC-ESI-MS spectra and by comparison with existing studies. Shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 95.4% of the T<sub>1</sub> fraction, and palythenic acid was found in 4.6% of this fraction, while shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 96.3% of the J<sub>1</sub> fraction, palythenic acid was found in 3.7% of the J<sub>2</sub> fraction, and palythine was found in 100% of the J<sub>2</sub> fraction, taken from the MAA extracts found in <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp., respectively. In addition, the relevant compositions and proportions of the MAA extracts taken from <i>Gelidium amansii</i> and <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i> were identified. This was the first study to report on the extraction process, isolation and identification of MAAs from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i>, <i>Gelidium amansii</i>, <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i>, and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.Yingying SunXiu HanZhijuan HuTongjie ChengQian TangHui WangXiaoqun DengXu HanMDPI AGarticleextractionidentificationisolationmycosporine-like amino acidsred macroalgaeBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMarine Drugs, Vol 19, Iss 615, p 615 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	extraction identification isolation mycosporine-like amino acids red macroalgae Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	extraction identification isolation mycosporine-like amino acids red macroalgae Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Yingying Sun Xiu Han Zhijuan Hu Tongjie Cheng Qian Tang Hui Wang Xiaoqun Deng Xu Han Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
description	Marine macroalgae is known to be a good source of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), especially red macroalgae. As a new type of active substance with commercial development prospects, the current progress in the extraction, isolation and characterization of MAAs is far from sufficient in terms of effectiveness in application. To determine the extraction processes of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae (<i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i>, <i>Gelidium amansii</i>, <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i>, and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.), a series of single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out in which the effects of solvents, the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature, on the yields of MAA extracts, were analyzed. Further, the isolation and identification of MAAs from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp. were investigated. The results showed that the solid–liquid ratio, the time of extraction, the extraction degree and the temperature were 1:20 g/mL, 2 h, three times and 40 °C, respectively, when 25% methanol or 25% ethanol were used as the extraction solvent; these values were found to be suitable for the extraction of MAAs from four species of red macroalgae. Silica gel thin-layer chromatography was successfully used, for the first time, for the detection MAAs in this work, and it could be clearly seen that <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> had the highest contents of MAAs among the four species of red macroalgae. MAA extracts from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> (or <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.) were isolated by silica gel column chromatography to obtain one fraction (or two fractions). The compositions and proportions of the MAAs in these fractions were determined via HPLC-ESI-MS spectra and by comparison with existing studies. Shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 95.4% of the T<sub>1</sub> fraction, and palythenic acid was found in 4.6% of this fraction, while shinorine, palythine and porphyra-334 were found in 96.3% of the J<sub>1</sub> fraction, palythenic acid was found in 3.7% of the J<sub>2</sub> fraction, and palythine was found in 100% of the J<sub>2</sub> fraction, taken from the MAA extracts found in <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i> and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp., respectively. In addition, the relevant compositions and proportions of the MAA extracts taken from <i>Gelidium amansii</i> and <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i> were identified. This was the first study to report on the extraction process, isolation and identification of MAAs from <i>Bangia fusco-purpurea</i>, <i>Gelidium amansii</i>, <i>Gracilaria confervoides</i>, and <i>Gracilaria</i> sp.
format	article
author	Yingying Sun Xiu Han Zhijuan Hu Tongjie Cheng Qian Tang Hui Wang Xiaoqun Deng Xu Han
author_facet	Yingying Sun Xiu Han Zhijuan Hu Tongjie Cheng Qian Tang Hui Wang Xiaoqun Deng Xu Han
author_sort	Yingying Sun
title	Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
title_short	Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
title_full	Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
title_fullStr	Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
title_full_unstemmed	Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae
title_sort	extraction, isolation and characterization of mycosporine-like amino acids from four species of red macroalgae
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3cb8cf01bba648c2966d91799128e311
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Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Four Species of Red Macroalgae

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