Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs

Various sulfur-containing biomolecules include iron–sulfur clusters that act as cofactors for enzymes, sulfur-containing vitamins such as thiamin, and sulfur-modified nucleosides in RNA, in addition to methionine and cysteine in proteins. Sulfur-containing nucleosides are post-transcriptionally intr...

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Autor principal:	Naoki Shigi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	iron–sulfur cluster mitochondria post-transcriptional modification sulfur translation Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3cf13c27b28c4760ba23ed126ff127ac
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3cf13c27b28c4760ba23ed126ff127ac2021-11-11T17:21:16ZBiosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs10.3390/ijms2221119371422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/3cf13c27b28c4760ba23ed126ff127ac2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11937https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Various sulfur-containing biomolecules include iron–sulfur clusters that act as cofactors for enzymes, sulfur-containing vitamins such as thiamin, and sulfur-modified nucleosides in RNA, in addition to methionine and cysteine in proteins. Sulfur-containing nucleosides are post-transcriptionally introduced into tRNA molecules, where they ensure precise codon recognition or stabilization of tRNA structure, thereby maintaining cellular proteome integrity. Modulating sulfur modification controls the translation efficiency of specific groups of genes, allowing organisms to adapt to specific environments. The biosynthesis of tRNA sulfur nucleosides involves elaborate ‘sulfur trafficking systems’ within cellular sulfur metabolism and ‘modification enzymes’ that incorporate sulfur atoms into tRNA. This review provides an up-to-date overview of advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms involved. It covers the functions, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of sulfur-containing nucleosides as well as the reaction mechanisms of biosynthetic enzymes catalyzed by the iron–sulfur clusters, and identification of enzymes involved in the de-modification of sulfur atoms of RNA. The mechanistic similarity of these opposite reactions is discussed. Mutations in genes related to these pathways can cause human diseases (e.g., cancer, diabetes, and mitochondrial diseases), emphasizing the importance of these pathways.Naoki ShigiMDPI AGarticleiron–sulfur clustermitochondriapost-transcriptional modificationsulfurtranslationBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11937, p 11937 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	iron–sulfur cluster mitochondria post-transcriptional modification sulfur translation Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	iron–sulfur cluster mitochondria post-transcriptional modification sulfur translation Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Naoki Shigi Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
description	Various sulfur-containing biomolecules include iron–sulfur clusters that act as cofactors for enzymes, sulfur-containing vitamins such as thiamin, and sulfur-modified nucleosides in RNA, in addition to methionine and cysteine in proteins. Sulfur-containing nucleosides are post-transcriptionally introduced into tRNA molecules, where they ensure precise codon recognition or stabilization of tRNA structure, thereby maintaining cellular proteome integrity. Modulating sulfur modification controls the translation efficiency of specific groups of genes, allowing organisms to adapt to specific environments. The biosynthesis of tRNA sulfur nucleosides involves elaborate ‘sulfur trafficking systems’ within cellular sulfur metabolism and ‘modification enzymes’ that incorporate sulfur atoms into tRNA. This review provides an up-to-date overview of advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms involved. It covers the functions, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of sulfur-containing nucleosides as well as the reaction mechanisms of biosynthetic enzymes catalyzed by the iron–sulfur clusters, and identification of enzymes involved in the de-modification of sulfur atoms of RNA. The mechanistic similarity of these opposite reactions is discussed. Mutations in genes related to these pathways can cause human diseases (e.g., cancer, diabetes, and mitochondrial diseases), emphasizing the importance of these pathways.
format	article
author	Naoki Shigi
author_facet	Naoki Shigi
author_sort	Naoki Shigi
title	Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
title_short	Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
title_full	Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
title_fullStr	Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
title_full_unstemmed	Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs
title_sort	biosynthesis and degradation of sulfur modifications in trnas
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3cf13c27b28c4760ba23ed126ff127ac
work_keys_str_mv	AT naokishigi biosynthesisanddegradationofsulfurmodificationsintrnas
_version_	1718432111818440704

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Sulfur Modifications in tRNAs

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