Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: Clinical and laboratory assessment of people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) indicate impairments in eye movements. These tests are typically done in a static, seated position. Recently, the use of mobile eye-tracking systems has been proposed to quantify subtle deficits in eye m...

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Autores principales:	Ellen Lirani-Silva, Samuel Stuart, Lucy Parrington, Kody Campbell, Laurie King
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	saccades traumatic brain injury gait eye tracking vision Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3d6ce2fd334a47b5b1fa0fe43386a674
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3d6ce2fd334a47b5b1fa0fe43386a6742021-11-05T08:43:40ZSaccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury2296-418510.3389/fbioe.2021.701712https://doaj.org/article/3d6ce2fd334a47b5b1fa0fe43386a6742021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.701712/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185Background: Clinical and laboratory assessment of people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) indicate impairments in eye movements. These tests are typically done in a static, seated position. Recently, the use of mobile eye-tracking systems has been proposed to quantify subtle deficits in eye movements and visual sampling during different tasks. However, the impact of mTBI on eye movements during functional tasks such as walking remains unknown.Objective: Evaluate differences in eye-tracking measures collected during gait between healthy controls (HC) and patients in the sub-acute stages of mTBI recovery and to determine if there are associations between eye-tracking measures and gait speed.Methods: Thirty-seven HC participants and 67individuals with mTBI were instructed to walk back and forth over 10-m, at a comfortable self-selected speed. A single 1-min trial was performed. Eye-tracking measures were recorded using a mobile eye-tracking system (head-mounted infra-red Tobbii Pro Glasses 2, 100 Hz, Tobii Technology Inc. VA, United States). Eye-tracking measures included saccadic (frequency, mean and peak velocity, duration and distance) and fixation measurements (frequency and duration). Gait was assessed using six inertial sensors (both feet, sternum, right wrist, lumbar vertebrae and the forehead) and gait velocity was selected as the primary outcome. General linear model was used to compare the groups and association between gait and eye-tracking outcomes were explored using partial correlations.Results: Individuals with mTBI showed significantly reduced saccade frequency (p = 0.016), duration (p = 0.028) and peak velocity (p = 0.032) compared to the HC group. No significant differences between groups were observed for the saccade distance, fixation measures and gait velocity (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between saccade duration and gait velocity only for participants with mTBI (p = 0.025).Conclusion: Findings suggest impaired saccadic eye movement, but not fixations, during walking in individuals with mTBI. These findings have implications in real-world function including return to sport for athletes and return to duty for military service members. Future research should investigate whether or not saccade outcomes are influenced by the time after the trauma and rehabilitation.Ellen Lirani-SilvaSamuel StuartSamuel StuartLucy ParringtonLucy ParringtonKody CampbellKody CampbellLaurie KingLaurie KingFrontiers Media S.A.articlesaccadestraumatic brain injurygaiteye trackingvisionBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	saccades traumatic brain injury gait eye tracking vision Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	saccades traumatic brain injury gait eye tracking vision Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Ellen Lirani-Silva Samuel Stuart Samuel Stuart Lucy Parrington Lucy Parrington Kody Campbell Kody Campbell Laurie King Laurie King Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
description	Background: Clinical and laboratory assessment of people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) indicate impairments in eye movements. These tests are typically done in a static, seated position. Recently, the use of mobile eye-tracking systems has been proposed to quantify subtle deficits in eye movements and visual sampling during different tasks. However, the impact of mTBI on eye movements during functional tasks such as walking remains unknown.Objective: Evaluate differences in eye-tracking measures collected during gait between healthy controls (HC) and patients in the sub-acute stages of mTBI recovery and to determine if there are associations between eye-tracking measures and gait speed.Methods: Thirty-seven HC participants and 67individuals with mTBI were instructed to walk back and forth over 10-m, at a comfortable self-selected speed. A single 1-min trial was performed. Eye-tracking measures were recorded using a mobile eye-tracking system (head-mounted infra-red Tobbii Pro Glasses 2, 100 Hz, Tobii Technology Inc. VA, United States). Eye-tracking measures included saccadic (frequency, mean and peak velocity, duration and distance) and fixation measurements (frequency and duration). Gait was assessed using six inertial sensors (both feet, sternum, right wrist, lumbar vertebrae and the forehead) and gait velocity was selected as the primary outcome. General linear model was used to compare the groups and association between gait and eye-tracking outcomes were explored using partial correlations.Results: Individuals with mTBI showed significantly reduced saccade frequency (p = 0.016), duration (p = 0.028) and peak velocity (p = 0.032) compared to the HC group. No significant differences between groups were observed for the saccade distance, fixation measures and gait velocity (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between saccade duration and gait velocity only for participants with mTBI (p = 0.025).Conclusion: Findings suggest impaired saccadic eye movement, but not fixations, during walking in individuals with mTBI. These findings have implications in real-world function including return to sport for athletes and return to duty for military service members. Future research should investigate whether or not saccade outcomes are influenced by the time after the trauma and rehabilitation.
format	article
author	Ellen Lirani-Silva Samuel Stuart Samuel Stuart Lucy Parrington Lucy Parrington Kody Campbell Kody Campbell Laurie King Laurie King
author_facet	Ellen Lirani-Silva Samuel Stuart Samuel Stuart Lucy Parrington Lucy Parrington Kody Campbell Kody Campbell Laurie King Laurie King
author_sort	Ellen Lirani-Silva
title	Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
title_short	Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
title_full	Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
title_fullStr	Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
title_full_unstemmed	Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
title_sort	saccade and fixation eye movements during walking in people with mild traumatic brain injury
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3d6ce2fd334a47b5b1fa0fe43386a674
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Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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