Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds

Watershed pollution by natural and anthropogenic activities remains a global challenge that requires careful and prompt attention. So, identifying possible pollution sources and studying the hydrochemistry of water resources would positively affect human health, especially in resource-limited commun...

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Autores principales:	Estelle Gaëlle Dammi Djimi, Akebe Luther King Abia, Placide Désiré Belibi Belibi, Patrice Takam Soh, Randy Nanga Che, Julius Numbonui Ghogomu, Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	drinking water quality northern Cameroon watersheds diffuse pollution multivariate analysis hydrochemical methods silicates dissolution Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3d91dfa407f94888b86a4d6f38b1d662
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3d91dfa407f94888b86a4d6f38b1d6622021-11-11T19:55:56ZMultivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds10.3390/w132130552073-4441https://doaj.org/article/3d91dfa407f94888b86a4d6f38b1d6622021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3055https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Watershed pollution by natural and anthropogenic activities remains a global challenge that requires careful and prompt attention. So, identifying possible pollution sources and studying the hydrochemistry of water resources would positively affect human health, especially in resource-limited communities and their economy. Water samples were collected during the rainy season in the North (R-NO) and Adamawa (R-AD) Region communities of Cameroon and assessed for physicochemical parameters using standard methods. The data were analysed using multivariate statistical and hydrochemical methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) retained seven and six principal components explaining 77.65% (R-NO) and 72.24% (R-AD) of the total variance, respectively. The drinking water sources assessed were highly, moderately, and lightly contaminated with turbidity, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, and electrical conductivity (EC) from surface runoff and soil erosion sources. PCA and factor analysis (PCA/FA) revealed two main groups, distinguished by natural and anthropogenic sources, responsible for water quality variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped sampling sites into three clusters: low, moderate, and high pollution areas in the R-NO and unpolluted, low, and moderate pollution areas in the R-AD. The order of dominant cations was Mg<sup>2+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> > Cl<sup>−</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> for anions. Based on Piper diagram classification, watersheds studied were predominated by the Mg-Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> water type in 85% (R-NO) and 79% (R-AD) of water samples. The chemical composition of shallow and deep water was dominantly controlled by the dissolution of silicates and carbonate, reverse ion exchange, and precipitation of calcite. These results reveal that diffuse pollution predominantly impacted the study sites during the rainy season, and this should be the focus of policymakers when planning and implementing measures to protect drinking water sources, human health, and reduce water treatment costs.Estelle Gaëlle Dammi DjimiAkebe Luther King AbiaPlacide Désiré Belibi BelibiPatrice Takam SohRandy Nanga CheJulius Numbonui GhogomuJoseph Mbadcam KetchaMDPI AGarticledrinking water qualitynorthern Cameroon watershedsdiffuse pollutionmultivariate analysishydrochemical methodssilicates dissolutionHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3055, p 3055 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	drinking water quality northern Cameroon watersheds diffuse pollution multivariate analysis hydrochemical methods silicates dissolution Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	drinking water quality northern Cameroon watersheds diffuse pollution multivariate analysis hydrochemical methods silicates dissolution Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Estelle Gaëlle Dammi Djimi Akebe Luther King Abia Placide Désiré Belibi Belibi Patrice Takam Soh Randy Nanga Che Julius Numbonui Ghogomu Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
description	Watershed pollution by natural and anthropogenic activities remains a global challenge that requires careful and prompt attention. So, identifying possible pollution sources and studying the hydrochemistry of water resources would positively affect human health, especially in resource-limited communities and their economy. Water samples were collected during the rainy season in the North (R-NO) and Adamawa (R-AD) Region communities of Cameroon and assessed for physicochemical parameters using standard methods. The data were analysed using multivariate statistical and hydrochemical methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) retained seven and six principal components explaining 77.65% (R-NO) and 72.24% (R-AD) of the total variance, respectively. The drinking water sources assessed were highly, moderately, and lightly contaminated with turbidity, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup>, Al<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, and electrical conductivity (EC) from surface runoff and soil erosion sources. PCA and factor analysis (PCA/FA) revealed two main groups, distinguished by natural and anthropogenic sources, responsible for water quality variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped sampling sites into three clusters: low, moderate, and high pollution areas in the R-NO and unpolluted, low, and moderate pollution areas in the R-AD. The order of dominant cations was Mg<sup>2+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> > Cl<sup>−</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> for anions. Based on Piper diagram classification, watersheds studied were predominated by the Mg-Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> water type in 85% (R-NO) and 79% (R-AD) of water samples. The chemical composition of shallow and deep water was dominantly controlled by the dissolution of silicates and carbonate, reverse ion exchange, and precipitation of calcite. These results reveal that diffuse pollution predominantly impacted the study sites during the rainy season, and this should be the focus of policymakers when planning and implementing measures to protect drinking water sources, human health, and reduce water treatment costs.
format	article
author	Estelle Gaëlle Dammi Djimi Akebe Luther King Abia Placide Désiré Belibi Belibi Patrice Takam Soh Randy Nanga Che Julius Numbonui Ghogomu Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha
author_facet	Estelle Gaëlle Dammi Djimi Akebe Luther King Abia Placide Désiré Belibi Belibi Patrice Takam Soh Randy Nanga Che Julius Numbonui Ghogomu Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha
author_sort	Estelle Gaëlle Dammi Djimi
title	Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
title_short	Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
title_full	Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
title_fullStr	Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
title_full_unstemmed	Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds
title_sort	multivariate statistical and hydrochemical analysis of drinking water resources in northern cameroon watersheds
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3d91dfa407f94888b86a4d6f38b1d662
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Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds

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