Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma, which comprises >90% of gastric cancers, is multifactorial, but most associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Autoimmune gastritis is a chronic autoinflammatory syndrome where self-r...

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Autores principales:	Stella G. Hoft, Christine N. Noto, Richard J. DiPaolo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	immunology gastric cancer gastric adenocarcinoma H. pylori AIG = autoimmune gastritis autoimmunity Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3e883cec97e94df4b1e97c505bddfef4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3e883cec97e94df4b1e97c505bddfef42021-12-01T07:10:24ZTwo Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity2296-634X10.3389/fcell.2021.752346https://doaj.org/article/3e883cec97e94df4b1e97c505bddfef42021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.752346/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-634XGastric cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma, which comprises >90% of gastric cancers, is multifactorial, but most associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Autoimmune gastritis is a chronic autoinflammatory syndrome where self-reactive immune cells are activated by gastric epithelial cell autoantigens. This cause of gastritis is more so associated with the development of neuroendocrine tumors. However, in both autoimmune and infection-induced gastritis, high risk metaplastic lesions develop within the gastric mucosa. This warrants concern for carcinogenesis in both inflammatory settings. There are many similarities and differences in disease progression between these two etiologies of chronic gastritis. Both diseases have an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma development, but each have their own unique comorbidities. Autoimmune gastritis is a primary cause of pernicious anemia, whereas chronic infection typically causes gastrointestinal ulceration. Both immune responses are driven by T cells, primarily CD4+ T cells of the IFN-γ producing, Th1 phenotype. Neutrophilic infiltrates help clear H. pylori infection, but neutrophils are not necessarily recruited in the autoimmune setting. There have also been hypotheses that infection with H. pylori initiates autoimmune gastritis, but the literature is far from definitive with evidence of infection-independent autoimmune gastric disease. Gastric cancer incidence is increasing among young women in the United States, a population at higher risk of developing autoimmune disease, and H. pylori infection rates are falling. Therefore, a better understanding of these two chronic inflammatory diseases is needed to identify their roles in initiating gastric cancer.Stella G. HoftChristine N. NotoRichard J. DiPaoloFrontiers Media S.A.articleimmunologygastric cancergastric adenocarcinomaH. pyloriAIG = autoimmune gastritisautoimmunityBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENFrontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	immunology gastric cancer gastric adenocarcinoma H. pylori AIG = autoimmune gastritis autoimmunity Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	immunology gastric cancer gastric adenocarcinoma H. pylori AIG = autoimmune gastritis autoimmunity Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Stella G. Hoft Christine N. Noto Richard J. DiPaolo Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
description	Gastric cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma, which comprises >90% of gastric cancers, is multifactorial, but most associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Autoimmune gastritis is a chronic autoinflammatory syndrome where self-reactive immune cells are activated by gastric epithelial cell autoantigens. This cause of gastritis is more so associated with the development of neuroendocrine tumors. However, in both autoimmune and infection-induced gastritis, high risk metaplastic lesions develop within the gastric mucosa. This warrants concern for carcinogenesis in both inflammatory settings. There are many similarities and differences in disease progression between these two etiologies of chronic gastritis. Both diseases have an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma development, but each have their own unique comorbidities. Autoimmune gastritis is a primary cause of pernicious anemia, whereas chronic infection typically causes gastrointestinal ulceration. Both immune responses are driven by T cells, primarily CD4+ T cells of the IFN-γ producing, Th1 phenotype. Neutrophilic infiltrates help clear H. pylori infection, but neutrophils are not necessarily recruited in the autoimmune setting. There have also been hypotheses that infection with H. pylori initiates autoimmune gastritis, but the literature is far from definitive with evidence of infection-independent autoimmune gastric disease. Gastric cancer incidence is increasing among young women in the United States, a population at higher risk of developing autoimmune disease, and H. pylori infection rates are falling. Therefore, a better understanding of these two chronic inflammatory diseases is needed to identify their roles in initiating gastric cancer.
format	article
author	Stella G. Hoft Christine N. Noto Richard J. DiPaolo
author_facet	Stella G. Hoft Christine N. Noto Richard J. DiPaolo
author_sort	Stella G. Hoft
title	Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
title_short	Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
title_full	Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
title_fullStr	Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
title_full_unstemmed	Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity
title_sort	two distinct etiologies of gastric cancer: infection and autoimmunity
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3e883cec97e94df4b1e97c505bddfef4
work_keys_str_mv	AT stellaghoft twodistinctetiologiesofgastriccancerinfectionandautoimmunity AT christinennoto twodistinctetiologiesofgastriccancerinfectionandautoimmunity AT richardjdipaolo twodistinctetiologiesofgastriccancerinfectionandautoimmunity
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Two Distinct Etiologies of Gastric Cancer: Infection and Autoimmunity

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