<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>

ABSTRACT Environmental or chemically induced stresses often trigger physiological responses that regulate intracellular pH. As such, the capacity to detect pH changes in real time and within live cells is of fundamental importance to essentially all aspects of biology. In this respect, pHluorin, a p...

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Autores principales:	Hélène Tournu, Arturo Luna-Tapia, Brian M. Peters, Glen E. Palmer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2017
Materias:	Candida albicans chemical screening pH dynamics vacuoles Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3edb863d226c40ca8e3535040b7bd508
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3edb863d226c40ca8e3535040b7bd5082021-11-15T15:22:05Z<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>10.1128/mSphere.00276-172379-5042https://doaj.org/article/3edb863d226c40ca8e3535040b7bd5082017-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00276-17https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Environmental or chemically induced stresses often trigger physiological responses that regulate intracellular pH. As such, the capacity to detect pH changes in real time and within live cells is of fundamental importance to essentially all aspects of biology. In this respect, pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein, has provided an invaluable tool to detect such responses. Here, we report the adaptation of pHluorin2 (PHL2), a substantially brighter variant of pHluorin, for use with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. As well as a cytoplasmic PHL2 indicator, we describe a version that specifically localizes within the fungal vacuole, an acidified subcellular compartment with important functions in nutrient storage and pH homeostasis. In addition, by means of a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored PHL2-fusion protein, we generated a cell surface pH sensor. We demonstrated the utility of these tools in several applications, including accurate intracellular and extracellular pH measurements in individual cells via flow cytometry and in cell populations via a convenient plate reader-based protocol. The PHL2 tools can also be used for endpoint as well as time course experiments and to conduct chemical screens to identify drugs that alter normal pH homeostasis. These tools enable observation of the highly dynamic intracellular pH shifts that occur throughout the fungal growth cycle, as well as in response to various chemical treatments. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts of its human host. It can also invade the bloodstream and deeper organs of immunosuppressed individuals, and thus it encounters enormous variations in external pH in vivo. Accordingly, survival within such diverse niches necessitates robust adaptive responses to regulate intracellular pH. However, the impact of antifungal drugs upon these adaptive responses, and on intracellular pH in general, is not well characterized. Furthermore, the tools and methods currently available to directly monitor intracellular pH in C. albicans, as well as other fungal pathogens, have significant limitations. To address these issues, we developed a new and improved set of pH sensors based on the pH-responsive fluorescent protein pHluorin. This includes a cytoplasmic sensor, a probe that localizes inside the fungal vacuole (an acidified compartment that plays a central role in intracellular pH homeostasis), and a cell surface probe that can detect changes in extracellular pH. These tools can be used to monitor pH within single C. albicans cells or in cell populations in real time through convenient and high-throughput assays.Hélène TournuArturo Luna-TapiaBrian M. PetersGlen E. PalmerAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCandida albicanschemical screeningpH dynamicsvacuolesMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 2, Iss 4 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Candida albicans chemical screening pH dynamics vacuoles Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Candida albicans chemical screening pH dynamics vacuoles Microbiology QR1-502 Hélène Tournu Arturo Luna-Tapia Brian M. Peters Glen E. Palmer <italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
description	ABSTRACT Environmental or chemically induced stresses often trigger physiological responses that regulate intracellular pH. As such, the capacity to detect pH changes in real time and within live cells is of fundamental importance to essentially all aspects of biology. In this respect, pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein, has provided an invaluable tool to detect such responses. Here, we report the adaptation of pHluorin2 (PHL2), a substantially brighter variant of pHluorin, for use with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. As well as a cytoplasmic PHL2 indicator, we describe a version that specifically localizes within the fungal vacuole, an acidified subcellular compartment with important functions in nutrient storage and pH homeostasis. In addition, by means of a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored PHL2-fusion protein, we generated a cell surface pH sensor. We demonstrated the utility of these tools in several applications, including accurate intracellular and extracellular pH measurements in individual cells via flow cytometry and in cell populations via a convenient plate reader-based protocol. The PHL2 tools can also be used for endpoint as well as time course experiments and to conduct chemical screens to identify drugs that alter normal pH homeostasis. These tools enable observation of the highly dynamic intracellular pH shifts that occur throughout the fungal growth cycle, as well as in response to various chemical treatments. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts of its human host. It can also invade the bloodstream and deeper organs of immunosuppressed individuals, and thus it encounters enormous variations in external pH in vivo. Accordingly, survival within such diverse niches necessitates robust adaptive responses to regulate intracellular pH. However, the impact of antifungal drugs upon these adaptive responses, and on intracellular pH in general, is not well characterized. Furthermore, the tools and methods currently available to directly monitor intracellular pH in C. albicans, as well as other fungal pathogens, have significant limitations. To address these issues, we developed a new and improved set of pH sensors based on the pH-responsive fluorescent protein pHluorin. This includes a cytoplasmic sensor, a probe that localizes inside the fungal vacuole (an acidified compartment that plays a central role in intracellular pH homeostasis), and a cell surface probe that can detect changes in extracellular pH. These tools can be used to monitor pH within single C. albicans cells or in cell populations in real time through convenient and high-throughput assays.
format	article
author	Hélène Tournu Arturo Luna-Tapia Brian M. Peters Glen E. Palmer
author_facet	Hélène Tournu Arturo Luna-Tapia Brian M. Peters Glen E. Palmer
author_sort	Hélène Tournu
title	<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_short	<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_full	<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_fullStr	<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_full_unstemmed	<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>
title_sort	<italic toggle="yes">in vivo</italic> indicators of cytoplasmic, vacuolar, and extracellular ph using phluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">candida albicans</named-content>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/3edb863d226c40ca8e3535040b7bd508
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<italic toggle="yes">In Vivo</italic> Indicators of Cytoplasmic, Vacuolar, and Extracellular pH Using pHluorin2 in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Candida albicans</named-content>

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