N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles

Kanidta Sooklert,1,* Siwaporn Nilyai,1,* Rojrit Rojanathanes,2 Depicha Jindatip,3 Nutchanart Sae-liang,1 Nakarin Kitkumthorn,4 Apiwat Mutirangura,5 Amornpun Sereemaspun,11Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Department...

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Autores principales:	Sooklert K, Nilyai S, Rojanathanes R, Jindatip D, Sae-liang N, Kitkumthorn N, Mutirangura A, Sereemaspun A
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2019
Materias:	Epigenetic DNA methylation LINE-1 Alu Nanotoxicity Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3f3f5ceb0bd9470c88d65683d7d60425
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3f3f5ceb0bd9470c88d65683d7d604252021-12-02T06:40:28ZN-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/3f3f5ceb0bd9470c88d65683d7d604252019-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/n-acetylcysteine-reverses-the-decrease-of-dna-methylation-status-cause-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Kanidta Sooklert,1,* Siwaporn Nilyai,1,* Rojrit Rojanathanes,2 Depicha Jindatip,3 Nutchanart Sae-liang,1 Nakarin Kitkumthorn,4 Apiwat Mutirangura,5 Amornpun Sereemaspun,11Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 3Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 4Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 5Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand*These authors contributed equally to this work Introduction: Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are one of the most widely used types of nanomaterials. Recently, ENPs have been shown to cause cellular damage by inducing ROS (reactive oxygen species) both directly and indirectly, leading to the changes in DNA methylation levels, which is an important epigenetic mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effect of ENP-induced ROS on DNA methylation.Materials and methods: Human embryonic kidney and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were exposed to three different types of ENPs: gold nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). We then evaluated the cytotoxicity of the ENPs by measuring cell viability, morphology, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and ROS levels. Global DNA methylation levels was measured using 5-methylcytosine immunocytochemical staining and HPLC analysis. DNA methylation levels of the transposable elements, long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) and Alu, were also measured using combined bisulfite restriction analysis technique. DNA methylation levels of the TEs LINE-1 and Alu were also measured using combined bisulfite restriction analysis technique.Results: We found that HaCaT cells that were exposed to SiNPs exhibited increased ROS levels, whereas HaCaT cells that were exposed to SiNPs and CSNPs experienced global and Alu hypomethylation, with no change in LINE-1 being observed in either cell line. The demethylation of Alu in HaCaT cells following exposure to SiNPs and CSNPs was prevented when the cells were pretreated with an antioxidant.Conclusion: The global DNA methylation that is observed in cells exposed to ENPs is associated with methylation of the Alu elements. However, the change in DNA methylation levels following ENP exposure is specific to particular ENP and cell types and independent of ROS, being induced indirectly through disruption of the oxidative defense process.Keywords: epigenetic, DNA methylation, LINE-1, Alu, nanotoxicitySooklert KNilyai SRojanathanes RJindatip DSae-liang NKitkumthorn NMutirangura ASereemaspun ADove Medical PressarticleEpigeneticDNA methylationLINE-1AluNanotoxicityMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 14, Pp 4573-4587 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Epigenetic DNA methylation LINE-1 Alu Nanotoxicity Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Epigenetic DNA methylation LINE-1 Alu Nanotoxicity Medicine (General) R5-920 Sooklert K Nilyai S Rojanathanes R Jindatip D Sae-liang N Kitkumthorn N Mutirangura A Sereemaspun A N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
description	Kanidta Sooklert,1,* Siwaporn Nilyai,1,* Rojrit Rojanathanes,2 Depicha Jindatip,3 Nutchanart Sae-liang,1 Nakarin Kitkumthorn,4 Apiwat Mutirangura,5 Amornpun Sereemaspun,11Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 3Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; 4Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 5Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand*These authors contributed equally to this work Introduction: Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are one of the most widely used types of nanomaterials. Recently, ENPs have been shown to cause cellular damage by inducing ROS (reactive oxygen species) both directly and indirectly, leading to the changes in DNA methylation levels, which is an important epigenetic mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effect of ENP-induced ROS on DNA methylation.Materials and methods: Human embryonic kidney and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were exposed to three different types of ENPs: gold nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). We then evaluated the cytotoxicity of the ENPs by measuring cell viability, morphology, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and ROS levels. Global DNA methylation levels was measured using 5-methylcytosine immunocytochemical staining and HPLC analysis. DNA methylation levels of the transposable elements, long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) and Alu, were also measured using combined bisulfite restriction analysis technique. DNA methylation levels of the TEs LINE-1 and Alu were also measured using combined bisulfite restriction analysis technique.Results: We found that HaCaT cells that were exposed to SiNPs exhibited increased ROS levels, whereas HaCaT cells that were exposed to SiNPs and CSNPs experienced global and Alu hypomethylation, with no change in LINE-1 being observed in either cell line. The demethylation of Alu in HaCaT cells following exposure to SiNPs and CSNPs was prevented when the cells were pretreated with an antioxidant.Conclusion: The global DNA methylation that is observed in cells exposed to ENPs is associated with methylation of the Alu elements. However, the change in DNA methylation levels following ENP exposure is specific to particular ENP and cell types and independent of ROS, being induced indirectly through disruption of the oxidative defense process.Keywords: epigenetic, DNA methylation, LINE-1, Alu, nanotoxicity
format	article
author	Sooklert K Nilyai S Rojanathanes R Jindatip D Sae-liang N Kitkumthorn N Mutirangura A Sereemaspun A
author_facet	Sooklert K Nilyai S Rojanathanes R Jindatip D Sae-liang N Kitkumthorn N Mutirangura A Sereemaspun A
author_sort	Sooklert K
title	N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
title_short	N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
title_full	N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
title_fullStr	N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed	N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
title_sort	n-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of dna methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/3f3f5ceb0bd9470c88d65683d7d60425
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N-acetylcysteine reverses the decrease of DNA methylation status caused by engineered gold, silicon, and chitosan nanoparticles

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