Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?

Monarch butterflies in western North America typically migrate each fall from the Pacific Northwest to overwintering sites in California. Winter 2020/21 saw the lowest number of overwintering western monarch butterflies ever recorded, but was also marked by a winter-breeding population in the San Fr...

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Autor principal:	James David G
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	De Gruyter 2021
Materias:	migration overwintering winter-breeding non-native milkweeds climate warming ophryocystis elektroscirrha Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3f7b7c03d15f4da48421c30456d1d3d6
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:3f7b7c03d15f4da48421c30456d1d3d6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3f7b7c03d15f4da48421c30456d1d3d62021-12-02T17:37:38ZWestern North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?2084-883810.1515/ami-2021-0002https://doaj.org/article/3f7b7c03d15f4da48421c30456d1d3d62021-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1515/ami-2021-0002https://doaj.org/toc/2084-8838Monarch butterflies in western North America typically migrate each fall from the Pacific Northwest to overwintering sites in California. Winter 2020/21 saw the lowest number of overwintering western monarch butterflies ever recorded, but was also marked by a winter-breeding population in the San Francisco bay area that appeared to be the largest ever seen. Recoveries of monarchs with wing tags from the Pacific Northwest suggested that many non-reproductive migrants in fall 2020 became reproductive in the San Francisco bay area and did not reach coastal overwintering sites. Mean daily maximum temperatures for San Francisco during fall and winter increased by ~1 °C during the past decade and were 2.5 °C above the 30 year mean during September-October 2020. Warm fall and winter temperatures along with the availability of non-native milkweeds likely caused the increase in winter breeding in winter 2020/21. The outcome of continued winter-breeding in the San Francisco bay area is uncertain. Whether it becomes a sink or source will be dependent on whether winter-breeding monarchs can re-enter their migratory state during spring. However, endemic levels of infection by the protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), are often high in winter-breeding monarchs which can limit migration success. The eventual co-existence of winter-breeding and non-breeding monarch populations in northern and central California is probable, with an optimistic view suggesting that the adaptability of the monarch butterfly will allow it to persist in a changed environment.James David GDe Gruyterarticlemigrationoverwinteringwinter-breedingnon-native milkweedsclimate warmingophryocystis elektroscirrhaBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENAnimal Migration, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 19-26 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	migration overwintering winter-breeding non-native milkweeds climate warming ophryocystis elektroscirrha Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	migration overwintering winter-breeding non-native milkweeds climate warming ophryocystis elektroscirrha Biology (General) QH301-705.5 James David G Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
description	Monarch butterflies in western North America typically migrate each fall from the Pacific Northwest to overwintering sites in California. Winter 2020/21 saw the lowest number of overwintering western monarch butterflies ever recorded, but was also marked by a winter-breeding population in the San Francisco bay area that appeared to be the largest ever seen. Recoveries of monarchs with wing tags from the Pacific Northwest suggested that many non-reproductive migrants in fall 2020 became reproductive in the San Francisco bay area and did not reach coastal overwintering sites. Mean daily maximum temperatures for San Francisco during fall and winter increased by ~1 °C during the past decade and were 2.5 °C above the 30 year mean during September-October 2020. Warm fall and winter temperatures along with the availability of non-native milkweeds likely caused the increase in winter breeding in winter 2020/21. The outcome of continued winter-breeding in the San Francisco bay area is uncertain. Whether it becomes a sink or source will be dependent on whether winter-breeding monarchs can re-enter their migratory state during spring. However, endemic levels of infection by the protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE), are often high in winter-breeding monarchs which can limit migration success. The eventual co-existence of winter-breeding and non-breeding monarch populations in northern and central California is probable, with an optimistic view suggesting that the adaptability of the monarch butterfly will allow it to persist in a changed environment.
format	article
author	James David G
author_facet	James David G
author_sort	James David G
title	Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
title_short	Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
title_full	Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
title_fullStr	Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
title_full_unstemmed	Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?
title_sort	western north american monarchs: spiraling into oblivion or adapting to a changing environment?
publisher	De Gruyter
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3f7b7c03d15f4da48421c30456d1d3d6
work_keys_str_mv	AT jamesdavidg westernnorthamericanmonarchsspiralingintooblivionoradaptingtoachangingenvironment
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Western North American Monarchs: Spiraling into Oblivion or Adapting to a Changing Environment?

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