Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) effects with the use of multiparameter precursor observations for two successive Japanese earthquakes (EQs) (with a magnitude of around 7) in February and March 2021, respectively, considering a seemingly s...

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Autores principales:	Masashi Hayakawa, Jun Izutsu, Alexander Schekotov, Shih-Sian Yang, Maria Solovieva, Ekaterina Budilova
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	earthquake (EQ) precursors lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) multiparameter observation ULF/ELF/VLF data atmospheric gravity waves global ionosphere map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) data Geology QE1-996.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3f7d08518a1e4db1818fb7291047378f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3f7d08518a1e4db1818fb7291047378f2021-11-25T17:43:22ZLithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan10.3390/geosciences111104812076-3263https://doaj.org/article/3f7d08518a1e4db1818fb7291047378f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/11/11/481https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3263The purpose of this paper is to discuss the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) effects with the use of multiparameter precursor observations for two successive Japanese earthquakes (EQs) (with a magnitude of around 7) in February and March 2021, respectively, considering a seemingly significant difference in seismological and geological hypocenter conditions for those EQs. The second March EQ is very similar to the famous 2011 Tohoku EQ in the sense that those EQs took place at the seabed of the subducting plate, while the first February EQ happened within the subducting plate, not at the seabed. Multiparameter observation is a powerful tool for the study of the LAIC process, and we studied the following observables over a 3-month period (January to March): (i) ULF data (lithospheric radiation and ULF depression phenomenon); (ii) ULF/ELF atmospheric electromagnetic radiation; (iii) atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) activity in the stratosphere, extracted from satellite temperature data; (iv) subionospheric VLF/LF propagation data; and (v) GPS TECs (total electron contents). In contrast to our initial expectation of different responses of anomalies to the two EQs, we found no such conspicuous differences of electromagnetic anomalies between the two EQs, but showed quite similar anomaly responses for the two EQs. It is definite that atmospheric ULF/ELF radiation and ULF depression as lower ionospheric perturbation are most likely signatures of precursors to both EQs, and most importantly, all electromagnetic anomalies are concentrated in the period of about 1 week–9 days before the EQ to the EQ day. There seems to exist a chain of LAIC process (cause-and-effect relationship) for the first EQ, while all of the observed anomalies seem to occur nearly synchronously in time for the send EQ. Even though we tried to discuss possible LAIC channels, we cannot come to any definite conclusion about which coupling channel is plausible for each EQ.Masashi HayakawaJun IzutsuAlexander SchekotovShih-Sian YangMaria SolovievaEkaterina BudilovaMDPI AGarticleearthquake (EQ) precursorslithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC)multiparameter observationULF/ELF/VLF dataatmospheric gravity wavesglobal ionosphere map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) dataGeologyQE1-996.5ENGeosciences, Vol 11, Iss 481, p 481 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	earthquake (EQ) precursors lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) multiparameter observation ULF/ELF/VLF data atmospheric gravity waves global ionosphere map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) data Geology QE1-996.5
spellingShingle	earthquake (EQ) precursors lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) multiparameter observation ULF/ELF/VLF data atmospheric gravity waves global ionosphere map (GIM) total electron content (TEC) data Geology QE1-996.5 Masashi Hayakawa Jun Izutsu Alexander Schekotov Shih-Sian Yang Maria Solovieva Ekaterina Budilova Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
description	The purpose of this paper is to discuss the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) effects with the use of multiparameter precursor observations for two successive Japanese earthquakes (EQs) (with a magnitude of around 7) in February and March 2021, respectively, considering a seemingly significant difference in seismological and geological hypocenter conditions for those EQs. The second March EQ is very similar to the famous 2011 Tohoku EQ in the sense that those EQs took place at the seabed of the subducting plate, while the first February EQ happened within the subducting plate, not at the seabed. Multiparameter observation is a powerful tool for the study of the LAIC process, and we studied the following observables over a 3-month period (January to March): (i) ULF data (lithospheric radiation and ULF depression phenomenon); (ii) ULF/ELF atmospheric electromagnetic radiation; (iii) atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) activity in the stratosphere, extracted from satellite temperature data; (iv) subionospheric VLF/LF propagation data; and (v) GPS TECs (total electron contents). In contrast to our initial expectation of different responses of anomalies to the two EQs, we found no such conspicuous differences of electromagnetic anomalies between the two EQs, but showed quite similar anomaly responses for the two EQs. It is definite that atmospheric ULF/ELF radiation and ULF depression as lower ionospheric perturbation are most likely signatures of precursors to both EQs, and most importantly, all electromagnetic anomalies are concentrated in the period of about 1 week–9 days before the EQ to the EQ day. There seems to exist a chain of LAIC process (cause-and-effect relationship) for the first EQ, while all of the observed anomalies seem to occur nearly synchronously in time for the send EQ. Even though we tried to discuss possible LAIC channels, we cannot come to any definite conclusion about which coupling channel is plausible for each EQ.
format	article
author	Masashi Hayakawa Jun Izutsu Alexander Schekotov Shih-Sian Yang Maria Solovieva Ekaterina Budilova
author_facet	Masashi Hayakawa Jun Izutsu Alexander Schekotov Shih-Sian Yang Maria Solovieva Ekaterina Budilova
author_sort	Masashi Hayakawa
title	Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
title_short	Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
title_full	Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
title_fullStr	Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
title_full_unstemmed	Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan
title_sort	lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling effects based on multiparameter precursor observations for february–march 2021 earthquakes (m~7) in the offshore of tohoku area of japan
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/3f7d08518a1e4db1818fb7291047378f
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Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling Effects Based on Multiparameter Precursor Observations for February–March 2021 Earthquakes (M~7) in the Offshore of Tohoku Area of Japan

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