Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.

Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection...

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Autores principales:	Craig Smith, Chris Skelly, Nina Kung, Billie Roberts, Hume Field
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/3faff692a7464423a31e644b1af3d736
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:3faff692a7464423a31e644b1af3d7362021-11-18T08:15:24ZFlying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0099965https://doaj.org/article/3faff692a7464423a31e644b1af3d7362014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24936789/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. Effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strategy. This study sought to inform risk mitigation by identifying spatial and environmental risk factors for equine infection using multiple analytical approaches to investigate the relationship between plausible variables and reported Hendra virus infection in horses. Spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran's I) showed significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, a distance consistent with the foraging 'footprint' of a flying-fox roost, suggesting the latter as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales, with the largest extending for nearly 300 km from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) showed the density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus to have the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations, suggesting these species are more likely a source of infection of Hendra virus for horses than P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus. The density of horses, climate variables and vegetation variables were not found to be a significant risk factors, but the residuals from the GWR suggest that additional unidentified risk factors exist at the property level. Further investigations and comparisons between case and control properties are needed to identify these local risk factors.Craig SmithChris SkellyNina KungBillie RobertsHume FieldPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 6, p e99965 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Craig Smith Chris Skelly Nina Kung Billie Roberts Hume Field Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
description	Hendra virus causes sporadic but typically fatal infection in horses and humans in eastern Australia. Fruit-bats of the genus Pteropus (commonly known as flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, and the putative source of infection in horses; infected horses are the source of human infection. Effective treatment is lacking in both horses and humans, and notwithstanding the recent availability of a vaccine for horses, exposure risk mitigation remains an important infection control strategy. This study sought to inform risk mitigation by identifying spatial and environmental risk factors for equine infection using multiple analytical approaches to investigate the relationship between plausible variables and reported Hendra virus infection in horses. Spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran's I) showed significant clustering of equine cases at a distance of 40 km, a distance consistent with the foraging 'footprint' of a flying-fox roost, suggesting the latter as a biologically plausible basis for the clustering. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis identified multiple equine infection hot spots along the eastern Australia coast from far north Queensland to central New South Wales, with the largest extending for nearly 300 km from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) showed the density of P. alecto and P. conspicillatus to have the strongest positive correlation with equine case locations, suggesting these species are more likely a source of infection of Hendra virus for horses than P. poliocephalus or P. scapulatus. The density of horses, climate variables and vegetation variables were not found to be a significant risk factors, but the residuals from the GWR suggest that additional unidentified risk factors exist at the property level. Further investigations and comparisons between case and control properties are needed to identify these local risk factors.
format	article
author	Craig Smith Chris Skelly Nina Kung Billie Roberts Hume Field
author_facet	Craig Smith Chris Skelly Nina Kung Billie Roberts Hume Field
author_sort	Craig Smith
title	Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
title_short	Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
title_full	Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
title_fullStr	Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
title_full_unstemmed	Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.
title_sort	flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for hendra virus infection in horses in eastern australia.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/3faff692a7464423a31e644b1af3d736
work_keys_str_mv	AT craigsmith flyingfoxspeciesdensityaspatialriskfactorforhendravirusinfectioninhorsesineasternaustralia AT chrisskelly flyingfoxspeciesdensityaspatialriskfactorforhendravirusinfectioninhorsesineasternaustralia AT ninakung flyingfoxspeciesdensityaspatialriskfactorforhendravirusinfectioninhorsesineasternaustralia AT billieroberts flyingfoxspeciesdensityaspatialriskfactorforhendravirusinfectioninhorsesineasternaustralia AT humefield flyingfoxspeciesdensityaspatialriskfactorforhendravirusinfectioninhorsesineasternaustralia
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Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia.

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