Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures

Abstract This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle si...

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Autores principales:	Azunna Agwo Eze, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Jacques Snyman, Julius Musyoka Ndambuki, Tamba Jamiru, Mondiu Olayinka Durowoju, Idowu David Ibrahim, Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe, Dawood A. Desai
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4010e8a59d104ac2a01ae12fa7c32b80
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4010e8a59d104ac2a01ae12fa7c32b802021-11-21T12:17:54ZWet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures10.1038/s41598-021-01916-w2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/4010e8a59d104ac2a01ae12fa7c32b802021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01916-whttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − 44 µm was employed by using the planetary ball mill equipped with stainless still vials with still balls in ethanol. A ball-to-powder mass ratio of 10:1 was used at a rotation speed of 400 rpm, an interval of 15 min with an interval break of 5 s, and a milling time of 10 h. The powder was dried in vacutec at a temperature of 100 °C, using a speed of 15 rpm in the vacuum of 250 mbar at a time of approximately 653 min. The crystal phase of the dried powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuKɑ radiation, and by modification of the Scherrer equation, a single crystallite size of 11.85 nm was obtained. The morphology of the particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results show that the pure crystal sizes in nanometre (nm), which decreases as the 2θ and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases.Azunna Agwo EzeEmmanuel Rotimi SadikuWilliams Kehinde KupolatiJacques SnymanJulius Musyoka NdambukiTamba JamiruMondiu Olayinka DurowojuIdowu David IbrahimMxolisi Brendon ShongweDawood A. DesaiNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Azunna Agwo Eze Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku Williams Kehinde Kupolati Jacques Snyman Julius Musyoka Ndambuki Tamba Jamiru Mondiu Olayinka Durowoju Idowu David Ibrahim Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe Dawood A. Desai Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
description	Abstract This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − 44 µm was employed by using the planetary ball mill equipped with stainless still vials with still balls in ethanol. A ball-to-powder mass ratio of 10:1 was used at a rotation speed of 400 rpm, an interval of 15 min with an interval break of 5 s, and a milling time of 10 h. The powder was dried in vacutec at a temperature of 100 °C, using a speed of 15 rpm in the vacuum of 250 mbar at a time of approximately 653 min. The crystal phase of the dried powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuKɑ radiation, and by modification of the Scherrer equation, a single crystallite size of 11.85 nm was obtained. The morphology of the particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results show that the pure crystal sizes in nanometre (nm), which decreases as the 2θ and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases.
format	article
author	Azunna Agwo Eze Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku Williams Kehinde Kupolati Jacques Snyman Julius Musyoka Ndambuki Tamba Jamiru Mondiu Olayinka Durowoju Idowu David Ibrahim Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe Dawood A. Desai
author_facet	Azunna Agwo Eze Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku Williams Kehinde Kupolati Jacques Snyman Julius Musyoka Ndambuki Tamba Jamiru Mondiu Olayinka Durowoju Idowu David Ibrahim Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe Dawood A. Desai
author_sort	Azunna Agwo Eze
title	Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
title_short	Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
title_full	Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
title_fullStr	Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
title_full_unstemmed	Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
title_sort	wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4010e8a59d104ac2a01ae12fa7c32b80
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Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures

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