Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.

A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand the role of individual variation of infection load on disease transmission dynamics and how this influences the evolution of resistance or tolerance mechanisms. Such information will improve our capacity to understand, predict, and mitigate patho...

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Autores principales:	Mark D Jankowski, Christopher J Williams, Jeanne M Fair, Jennifer C Owen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/40b0de9b9cc04ac9871b6964b9fa9019
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:40b0de9b9cc04ac9871b6964b9fa90192021-11-18T08:58:32ZBirds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0072611https://doaj.org/article/40b0de9b9cc04ac9871b6964b9fa90192013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23991129/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand the role of individual variation of infection load on disease transmission dynamics and how this influences the evolution of resistance or tolerance mechanisms. Such information will improve our capacity to understand, predict, and mitigate pathogen-associated disease in all organisms. In many host-pathogen systems, particularly macroparasites and sexually transmitted diseases, it has been found that approximately 20% of the population is responsible for approximately 80% of the transmission events. Although host contact rates can account for some of this pattern, pathogen transmission dynamics also depend upon host infectiousness, an area that has received relatively little attention. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of pathogen shedding rates of 24 host (avian) - pathogen (RNA-virus) studies, including 17 bird species and five important zoonotic viruses. We determined that viral count data followed the Weibull distribution, the mean Gini coefficient (an index of inequality) was 0.687 (0.036 SEM), and that 22.0% (0.90 SEM) of the birds shed 80% of the virus across all studies, suggesting an adherence of viral shedding counts to the Pareto Principle. The relative position of a bird in a distribution of viral counts was affected by factors extrinsic to the host, such as exposure to corticosterone and to a lesser extent reduced food availability, but not to intrinsic host factors including age, sex, and migratory status. These data provide a quantitative view of heterogeneous virus shedding in birds that may be used to better parameterize epidemiological models and understand transmission dynamics.Mark D JankowskiChristopher J WilliamsJeanne M FairJennifer C OwenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 8, p e72611 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Mark D Jankowski Christopher J Williams Jeanne M Fair Jennifer C Owen Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
description	A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand the role of individual variation of infection load on disease transmission dynamics and how this influences the evolution of resistance or tolerance mechanisms. Such information will improve our capacity to understand, predict, and mitigate pathogen-associated disease in all organisms. In many host-pathogen systems, particularly macroparasites and sexually transmitted diseases, it has been found that approximately 20% of the population is responsible for approximately 80% of the transmission events. Although host contact rates can account for some of this pattern, pathogen transmission dynamics also depend upon host infectiousness, an area that has received relatively little attention. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of pathogen shedding rates of 24 host (avian) - pathogen (RNA-virus) studies, including 17 bird species and five important zoonotic viruses. We determined that viral count data followed the Weibull distribution, the mean Gini coefficient (an index of inequality) was 0.687 (0.036 SEM), and that 22.0% (0.90 SEM) of the birds shed 80% of the virus across all studies, suggesting an adherence of viral shedding counts to the Pareto Principle. The relative position of a bird in a distribution of viral counts was affected by factors extrinsic to the host, such as exposure to corticosterone and to a lesser extent reduced food availability, but not to intrinsic host factors including age, sex, and migratory status. These data provide a quantitative view of heterogeneous virus shedding in birds that may be used to better parameterize epidemiological models and understand transmission dynamics.
format	article
author	Mark D Jankowski Christopher J Williams Jeanne M Fair Jennifer C Owen
author_facet	Mark D Jankowski Christopher J Williams Jeanne M Fair Jennifer C Owen
author_sort	Mark D Jankowski
title	Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
title_short	Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
title_full	Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
title_fullStr	Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
title_full_unstemmed	Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.
title_sort	birds shed rna-viruses according to the pareto principle.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/40b0de9b9cc04ac9871b6964b9fa9019
work_keys_str_mv	AT markdjankowski birdsshedrnavirusesaccordingtotheparetoprinciple AT christopherjwilliams birdsshedrnavirusesaccordingtotheparetoprinciple AT jeannemfair birdsshedrnavirusesaccordingtotheparetoprinciple AT jennifercowen birdsshedrnavirusesaccordingtotheparetoprinciple
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Birds shed RNA-viruses according to the pareto principle.

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