Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers

Abstract Vacuum-based co-evaporation promises to bring perovskite solar cells to larger scales, but details of the film formation from the physical vapor phase are still underexplored. In this work, we investigate the growth of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 ) absorbers prepared by co-ev...

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Autores principales:	Karl L. Heinze, Oleksandr Dolynchuk, Thomas Burwig, Jaykumar Vaghani, Roland Scheer, Paul Pistor
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/40d54e97853e4911b0c80fff69b3d9a4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:40d54e97853e4911b0c80fff69b3d9a42021-12-02T16:06:42ZImportance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers10.1038/s41598-021-94689-12045-2322https://doaj.org/article/40d54e97853e4911b0c80fff69b3d9a42021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94689-1https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Vacuum-based co-evaporation promises to bring perovskite solar cells to larger scales, but details of the film formation from the physical vapor phase are still underexplored. In this work, we investigate the growth of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 ) absorbers prepared by co-evaporation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI $$_2$$ 2 ) using an in situ X-ray diffraction setup. This setup allows us to characterize crystallization and phase evolution of the growing thin film. The total chamber pressure strongly increases during MAI evaporation. We therefore assume the total chamber pressure to be mainly built up by an MAI atmosphere during deposition and use it to control the MAI evaporation. At first, we optimize the MAI to PbI $$_2$$ 2 impingement ratios by varying the MAI pressure at a constant PbI $$_2$$ 2 flux rate. We find a strong dependence of the solar cell device performance on the chamber pressure achieving efficiencies > 14 $$\%$$ % in a simple n-i-p structure. On the road to further optimizing the processing conditions we vary the onset time of the PbI $$_2$$ 2 and MAI deposition by delaying the start of the MAI evaporation by t = 0/8/16 min. This way, PbI $$_2$$ 2 nucleates as a seed layer with a thickness of up to approximately 20 nm during this initial stage. Device performance benefits from these PbI $$_2$$ 2 seed layers, which also induce strong preferential thin film orientation as evidenced by grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements. Our insights into the growth of MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 thin films from the physical vapor phase help to understand the film formation mechanisms and contribute to the further development of MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 and related perovskite absorbers.Karl L. HeinzeOleksandr DolynchukThomas BurwigJaykumar VaghaniRoland ScheerPaul PistorNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Karl L. Heinze Oleksandr Dolynchuk Thomas Burwig Jaykumar Vaghani Roland Scheer Paul Pistor Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
description	Abstract Vacuum-based co-evaporation promises to bring perovskite solar cells to larger scales, but details of the film formation from the physical vapor phase are still underexplored. In this work, we investigate the growth of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 ) absorbers prepared by co-evaporation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI $$_2$$ 2 ) using an in situ X-ray diffraction setup. This setup allows us to characterize crystallization and phase evolution of the growing thin film. The total chamber pressure strongly increases during MAI evaporation. We therefore assume the total chamber pressure to be mainly built up by an MAI atmosphere during deposition and use it to control the MAI evaporation. At first, we optimize the MAI to PbI $$_2$$ 2 impingement ratios by varying the MAI pressure at a constant PbI $$_2$$ 2 flux rate. We find a strong dependence of the solar cell device performance on the chamber pressure achieving efficiencies > 14 $$\%$$ % in a simple n-i-p structure. On the road to further optimizing the processing conditions we vary the onset time of the PbI $$_2$$ 2 and MAI deposition by delaying the start of the MAI evaporation by t = 0/8/16 min. This way, PbI $$_2$$ 2 nucleates as a seed layer with a thickness of up to approximately 20 nm during this initial stage. Device performance benefits from these PbI $$_2$$ 2 seed layers, which also induce strong preferential thin film orientation as evidenced by grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements. Our insights into the growth of MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 thin films from the physical vapor phase help to understand the film formation mechanisms and contribute to the further development of MAPbI $$_3$$ 3 and related perovskite absorbers.
format	article
author	Karl L. Heinze Oleksandr Dolynchuk Thomas Burwig Jaykumar Vaghani Roland Scheer Paul Pistor
author_facet	Karl L. Heinze Oleksandr Dolynchuk Thomas Burwig Jaykumar Vaghani Roland Scheer Paul Pistor
author_sort	Karl L. Heinze
title	Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
title_short	Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
title_full	Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
title_fullStr	Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
title_full_unstemmed	Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
title_sort	importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/40d54e97853e4911b0c80fff69b3d9a4
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Importance of methylammonium iodide partial pressure and evaporation onset for the growth of co-evaporated methylammonium lead iodide absorbers

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