Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. Arrival of RVFV into the United State...

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Autores principales:	Daniel A. Hartman, Nicholas A. Bergren, Therese Kondash, William Schlatmann, Colleen T. Webb, Rebekah C. Kading
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/41328e6477e346579f03550e39c136e2
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:41328e6477e346579f03550e39c136e2
record_format	dspace
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Daniel A. Hartman Nicholas A. Bergren Therese Kondash William Schlatmann Colleen T. Webb Rebekah C. Kading Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
description	Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. Arrival of RVFV into the United States by infected mosquitoes or humans could result in significant impacts on food security, human health, and wildlife health. Elucidation of the vectors involved in the post-introduction RVFV ecology is paramount to rapid implementation of vector control. We performed vector competence experiments in which field-collected mosquitoes were orally exposed to an epidemic strain of RVFV via infectious blood meals. We targeted floodwater Aedes species known to feed on cattle, and/or deer species (Aedes melanimon Dyar, Aedes increpitus Dyar, Aedes vexans [Meigen]). Two permanent-water-breeding species were targeted as well: Culiseta inornata (Williston) of unknown competence considering United States populations, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett as a control species for which transmission efficiency is known. We tested the potential for midgut infection, midgut escape (dissemination), ovarian infection (vertical transmission), and transmission by bite (infectious saliva). Tissues were assayed by plaque assay and RT-qPCR, to quantify infectious virus and confirm virus identity. Tissue infection data were analyzed using a within-host model under a Bayesian framework to determine the probabilities of infection outcomes (midgut-limited infection, disseminated infection, etc.) while estimating barriers to infection between tissues. Permanent-water-breeding mosquitoes (Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata) exhibited more efficient horizontal transmission, as well as potential for vertical transmission, which is contrary to the current assumptions of RVFV ecology. Barrier estimates trended higher for Aedes spp., suggesting systemic factors in the differences between these species and Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata. These data indicate higher potential for vertical transmission than previously appreciated, and support the consensus of RVFV transmission including a broad range of potential vectors. Author summary Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. To inform vector control priorities upon the introduction of RVFV to the United States, we tested the ability of three floodwater Aedes species known to feed on cattle and/or deer in Colorado (Aedes vexans [Meigen], Aedes melanimon Dyar, Aedes increpitus Dyar) to transmit RVFV (vector competence). We also tested Culiseta inornata (Williston), and Culex tarsalis Coquillett which exhibits high vector competence, and the potential for vertical transmission by testing ovaries. These data were modeled to estimate the potential for virus transmission, based on the infection probabilities of different organs that serve as transmission barriers inside the mosquitoes. The permanent-water-breeders Cs. inornata and Cx. tarsalis exhibited higher efficiency of horizontal transmission as well as potential vertical transmission. Aedes species were less efficient at vertical and horizontal transmission, with high barriers to infection of and dissemination from the midgut. Overall, these data support the transmission of RVFV by a broad range of potential vectors in the United States, posing a major challenge for vector control if this virus is introduced.
format	article
author	Daniel A. Hartman Nicholas A. Bergren Therese Kondash William Schlatmann Colleen T. Webb Rebekah C. Kading
author_facet	Daniel A. Hartman Nicholas A. Bergren Therese Kondash William Schlatmann Colleen T. Webb Rebekah C. Kading
author_sort	Daniel A. Hartman
title	Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
title_short	Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
title_full	Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
title_fullStr	Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
title_full_unstemmed	Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus
title_sort	susceptibility and barriers to infection of colorado mosquitoes with rift valley fever virus
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/41328e6477e346579f03550e39c136e2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:41328e6477e346579f03550e39c136e22021-11-11T09:25:06ZSusceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus1935-27271935-2735https://doaj.org/article/41328e6477e346579f03550e39c136e22021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8568276/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. Arrival of RVFV into the United States by infected mosquitoes or humans could result in significant impacts on food security, human health, and wildlife health. Elucidation of the vectors involved in the post-introduction RVFV ecology is paramount to rapid implementation of vector control. We performed vector competence experiments in which field-collected mosquitoes were orally exposed to an epidemic strain of RVFV via infectious blood meals. We targeted floodwater Aedes species known to feed on cattle, and/or deer species (Aedes melanimon Dyar, Aedes increpitus Dyar, Aedes vexans [Meigen]). Two permanent-water-breeding species were targeted as well: Culiseta inornata (Williston) of unknown competence considering United States populations, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett as a control species for which transmission efficiency is known. We tested the potential for midgut infection, midgut escape (dissemination), ovarian infection (vertical transmission), and transmission by bite (infectious saliva). Tissues were assayed by plaque assay and RT-qPCR, to quantify infectious virus and confirm virus identity. Tissue infection data were analyzed using a within-host model under a Bayesian framework to determine the probabilities of infection outcomes (midgut-limited infection, disseminated infection, etc.) while estimating barriers to infection between tissues. Permanent-water-breeding mosquitoes (Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata) exhibited more efficient horizontal transmission, as well as potential for vertical transmission, which is contrary to the current assumptions of RVFV ecology. Barrier estimates trended higher for Aedes spp., suggesting systemic factors in the differences between these species and Cx. tarsalis and Cs. inornata. These data indicate higher potential for vertical transmission than previously appreciated, and support the consensus of RVFV transmission including a broad range of potential vectors. Author summary Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Mosquito vectors transmit RVFV between vertebrates by bite, and also vertically to produce infectious progeny. To inform vector control priorities upon the introduction of RVFV to the United States, we tested the ability of three floodwater Aedes species known to feed on cattle and/or deer in Colorado (Aedes vexans [Meigen], Aedes melanimon Dyar, Aedes increpitus Dyar) to transmit RVFV (vector competence). We also tested Culiseta inornata (Williston), and Culex tarsalis Coquillett which exhibits high vector competence, and the potential for vertical transmission by testing ovaries. These data were modeled to estimate the potential for virus transmission, based on the infection probabilities of different organs that serve as transmission barriers inside the mosquitoes. The permanent-water-breeders Cs. inornata and Cx. tarsalis exhibited higher efficiency of horizontal transmission as well as potential vertical transmission. Aedes species were less efficient at vertical and horizontal transmission, with high barriers to infection of and dissemination from the midgut. Overall, these data support the transmission of RVFV by a broad range of potential vectors in the United States, posing a major challenge for vector control if this virus is introduced.Daniel A. HartmanNicholas A. BergrenTherese KondashWilliam SchlatmannColleen T. WebbRebekah C. KadingPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 10 (2021)

Susceptibility and barriers to infection of Colorado mosquitoes with Rift Valley fever virus

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