Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs

Retroviral infection delivers an RNA genome into the cytoplasm that serves as the template for the synthesis of a linear double-stranded DNA copy by the viral reverse transcriptase. Within the nucleus this linear DNA gives rise to extrachromosomal circular forms, and in a key step of the life cycle...

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Autor principal:	Stephen P. Goff
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	unintegrated retroviral DNA transcriptional silencing histone modification Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/41726627a2224ac9b2b10b07daa22d79
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:41726627a2224ac9b2b10b07daa22d792021-11-25T19:13:45ZSilencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs10.3390/v131122481999-4915https://doaj.org/article/41726627a2224ac9b2b10b07daa22d792021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2248https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Retroviral infection delivers an RNA genome into the cytoplasm that serves as the template for the synthesis of a linear double-stranded DNA copy by the viral reverse transcriptase. Within the nucleus this linear DNA gives rise to extrachromosomal circular forms, and in a key step of the life cycle is inserted into the host genome to form the integrated provirus. The unintegrated DNA forms, like those of DNAs entering cells by other means, are rapidly loaded with nucleosomes and heavily silenced by epigenetic histone modifications. This review summarizes our present understanding of the silencing machinery for the DNAs of the mouse leukemia viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We consider the potential impact of the silencing on virus replication, on the sensing of the virus by the innate immune system, and on the formation of latent proviruses. We also speculate on the changeover to high expression from the integrated proviruses in permissive cell types, and briefly consider the silencing of proviruses even after integration in embryonic stem cells and other developmentally primitive cell types.Stephen P. GoffMDPI AGarticleunintegrated retroviral DNAtranscriptional silencinghistone modificationMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2248, p 2248 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	unintegrated retroviral DNA transcriptional silencing histone modification Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	unintegrated retroviral DNA transcriptional silencing histone modification Microbiology QR1-502 Stephen P. Goff Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
description	Retroviral infection delivers an RNA genome into the cytoplasm that serves as the template for the synthesis of a linear double-stranded DNA copy by the viral reverse transcriptase. Within the nucleus this linear DNA gives rise to extrachromosomal circular forms, and in a key step of the life cycle is inserted into the host genome to form the integrated provirus. The unintegrated DNA forms, like those of DNAs entering cells by other means, are rapidly loaded with nucleosomes and heavily silenced by epigenetic histone modifications. This review summarizes our present understanding of the silencing machinery for the DNAs of the mouse leukemia viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We consider the potential impact of the silencing on virus replication, on the sensing of the virus by the innate immune system, and on the formation of latent proviruses. We also speculate on the changeover to high expression from the integrated proviruses in permissive cell types, and briefly consider the silencing of proviruses even after integration in embryonic stem cells and other developmentally primitive cell types.
format	article
author	Stephen P. Goff
author_facet	Stephen P. Goff
author_sort	Stephen P. Goff
title	Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
title_short	Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
title_full	Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
title_fullStr	Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
title_full_unstemmed	Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs
title_sort	silencing of unintegrated retroviral dnas
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/41726627a2224ac9b2b10b07daa22d79
work_keys_str_mv	AT stephenpgoff silencingofunintegratedretroviraldnas
_version_	1718410149638438912

Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs

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