Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells

ABSTRACT The CsrRS two-component regulatory system of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) responds to subinhibitory concentrations of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. LL-37 signaling through CsrRS results in upregulation of genes that direct synthesis of virulence factors, incl...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:
Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: John F. Love, Hien J. Tran-Winkler, Michael R. Wessels
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: American Society for Microbiology 2012
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/41d536796b7a4b6e93bc7e799fcec17c
Etiquetas: Agregar Etiqueta
Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!
id oai:doaj.org-article:41d536796b7a4b6e93bc7e799fcec17c
record_format dspace
spelling oai:doaj.org-article:41d536796b7a4b6e93bc7e799fcec17c2021-11-15T15:39:12ZVitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells10.1128/mBio.00394-122150-7511https://doaj.org/article/41d536796b7a4b6e93bc7e799fcec17c2012-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00394-12https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The CsrRS two-component regulatory system of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) responds to subinhibitory concentrations of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. LL-37 signaling through CsrRS results in upregulation of genes that direct synthesis of virulence factors, including the hyaluronic acid capsule and streptolysin O (SLO). Here, we demonstrate that a consequence of this response is augmented GAS resistance to killing by human oropharyngeal keratinocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. LL-37-induced upregulation of SLO and hyaluronic acid capsule significantly reduced internalization of GAS by keratinocytes and phagocytic killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Because vitamin D induces LL-37 production by macrophages, we tested its effect on macrophage killing of GAS. In contrast to the reported enhancement of macrophage function in relation to other pathogens, treatment of macrophages with 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 paradoxically reduced the ability of macrophages to control GAS infection. These observations demonstrate that LL-37 signals through CsrRS to induce a virulence phenotype in GAS characterized by heightened resistance to ingestion and killing by both epithelial cells and phagocytes. By inducing LL-37 production in macrophages, vitamin D may contribute to this paradoxical exacerbation of GAS infection. IMPORTANCE It remains poorly understood why group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes asymptomatic colonization or localized throat inflammation in most individuals but rarely progresses to invasive infection. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which is produced as part of the innate immune response to GAS infection, signals through the GAS CsrRS two-component regulatory system to upregulate expression of multiple virulence factors. This study reports that two CsrRS-regulated GAS virulence factors—streptolysin O and the hyaluronic acid capsule—are critical in LL-37-induced resistance of GAS to killing by human throat epithelial cells and by neutrophils and macrophages. Vitamin D, which increases LL-37 production in macrophages, has the paradoxical effect of increasing GAS resistance to macrophage-mediated killing. In this way, the human innate immune response may promote the transition from GAS colonization to invasive infection.John F. LoveHien J. Tran-WinklerMichael R. WesselsAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 3, Iss 5 (2012)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Microbiology
QR1-502
spellingShingle Microbiology
QR1-502
John F. Love
Hien J. Tran-Winkler
Michael R. Wessels
Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
description ABSTRACT The CsrRS two-component regulatory system of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) responds to subinhibitory concentrations of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. LL-37 signaling through CsrRS results in upregulation of genes that direct synthesis of virulence factors, including the hyaluronic acid capsule and streptolysin O (SLO). Here, we demonstrate that a consequence of this response is augmented GAS resistance to killing by human oropharyngeal keratinocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. LL-37-induced upregulation of SLO and hyaluronic acid capsule significantly reduced internalization of GAS by keratinocytes and phagocytic killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Because vitamin D induces LL-37 production by macrophages, we tested its effect on macrophage killing of GAS. In contrast to the reported enhancement of macrophage function in relation to other pathogens, treatment of macrophages with 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 paradoxically reduced the ability of macrophages to control GAS infection. These observations demonstrate that LL-37 signals through CsrRS to induce a virulence phenotype in GAS characterized by heightened resistance to ingestion and killing by both epithelial cells and phagocytes. By inducing LL-37 production in macrophages, vitamin D may contribute to this paradoxical exacerbation of GAS infection. IMPORTANCE It remains poorly understood why group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes asymptomatic colonization or localized throat inflammation in most individuals but rarely progresses to invasive infection. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which is produced as part of the innate immune response to GAS infection, signals through the GAS CsrRS two-component regulatory system to upregulate expression of multiple virulence factors. This study reports that two CsrRS-regulated GAS virulence factors—streptolysin O and the hyaluronic acid capsule—are critical in LL-37-induced resistance of GAS to killing by human throat epithelial cells and by neutrophils and macrophages. Vitamin D, which increases LL-37 production in macrophages, has the paradoxical effect of increasing GAS resistance to macrophage-mediated killing. In this way, the human innate immune response may promote the transition from GAS colonization to invasive infection.
format article
author John F. Love
Hien J. Tran-Winkler
Michael R. Wessels
author_facet John F. Love
Hien J. Tran-Winkler
Michael R. Wessels
author_sort John F. Love
title Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
title_short Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
title_full Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
title_fullStr Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
title_full_unstemmed Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A <italic toggle="yes">Streptococcus</italic> Resistance to Killing by Human Cells
title_sort vitamin d and the human antimicrobial peptide ll-37 enhance group a <italic toggle="yes">streptococcus</italic> resistance to killing by human cells
publisher American Society for Microbiology
publishDate 2012
url https://doaj.org/article/41d536796b7a4b6e93bc7e799fcec17c
work_keys_str_mv AT johnflove vitamindandthehumanantimicrobialpeptidell37enhancegroupaitalictoggleyesstreptococcusitalicresistancetokillingbyhumancells
AT hienjtranwinkler vitamindandthehumanantimicrobialpeptidell37enhancegroupaitalictoggleyesstreptococcusitalicresistancetokillingbyhumancells
AT michaelrwessels vitamindandthehumanantimicrobialpeptidell37enhancegroupaitalictoggleyesstreptococcusitalicresistancetokillingbyhumancells
_version_ 1718427760247963648