Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition

This study’s objective was to examine L-arginine (L-arg) supplementation’s effect on mono-species biofilm (<i>Streptococcus mutans</i>/<i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>) growth and underlying enamel substrates. The experimental groups were 1%, 2%, and 4% arg, and 0.9% NaCl was u...

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Autores principales:	Mohammed Nadeem Bijle, Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika, Kit-Kay Mak, Abhishek Parolia, Muneer Gohar Babar, Cynthia Yiu, Umer Daood
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	arginine biofilm crystals matrix metalloproteinase Raman spectroscopy Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/41e3bc69acad41429ad1601be1def703
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:41e3bc69acad41429ad1601be1def7032021-11-11T18:34:41ZConcentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition10.3390/molecules262166051420-3049https://doaj.org/article/41e3bc69acad41429ad1601be1def7032021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6605https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049This study’s objective was to examine L-arginine (L-arg) supplementation’s effect on mono-species biofilm (<i>Streptococcus mutans</i>/<i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>) growth and underlying enamel substrates. The experimental groups were 1%, 2%, and 4% arg, and 0.9% NaCl was used as the vehicle control. Sterilised enamel blocks were subjected to 7-day treatment with test solutions and <i>S. mutans</i>/<i>S. sanguinis</i> inoculum in BHI. Post-treatment, the treated biofilms stained for live/dead bacterial cells were analysed using confocal microscopy. The enamel specimens were analysed using X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular interactions between arg and MMP-2/MMP-9 were determined by computational molecular docking and MMP assays. With increasing arg concentrations, bacterial survival significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The XRD peak intensity with 1%/2% arg was significantly higher than with 4% arg and the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The bands associated with the mineral phase by RS were significantly accentuated in the 1%/2% arg specimens compared to in other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05)<b>.</b> The TEM analysis revealed that 4% arg exhibited an ill-defined shape of enamel crystals. Docking of arg molecules to MMPs appears feasible, with arg inhibiting MMP-2/MMP-9 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). L-arginine supplementation has an antimicrobial effect on mono-species biofilm. L-arginine treatment at lower (1%/2%) concentrations exhibits enamel hydroxyapatite stability, while the molecule has the potential to inhibit MMP-2/MMP-9.Mohammed Nadeem BijleMallikarjuna Rao PichikaKit-Kay MakAbhishek ParoliaMuneer Gohar BabarCynthia YiuUmer DaoodMDPI AGarticleargininebiofilmcrystalsmatrix metalloproteinaseRaman spectroscopyOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6605, p 6605 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	arginine biofilm crystals matrix metalloproteinase Raman spectroscopy Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	arginine biofilm crystals matrix metalloproteinase Raman spectroscopy Organic chemistry QD241-441 Mohammed Nadeem Bijle Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Abhishek Parolia Muneer Gohar Babar Cynthia Yiu Umer Daood Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
description	This study’s objective was to examine L-arginine (L-arg) supplementation’s effect on mono-species biofilm (<i>Streptococcus mutans</i>/<i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>) growth and underlying enamel substrates. The experimental groups were 1%, 2%, and 4% arg, and 0.9% NaCl was used as the vehicle control. Sterilised enamel blocks were subjected to 7-day treatment with test solutions and <i>S. mutans</i>/<i>S. sanguinis</i> inoculum in BHI. Post-treatment, the treated biofilms stained for live/dead bacterial cells were analysed using confocal microscopy. The enamel specimens were analysed using X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular interactions between arg and MMP-2/MMP-9 were determined by computational molecular docking and MMP assays. With increasing arg concentrations, bacterial survival significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The XRD peak intensity with 1%/2% arg was significantly higher than with 4% arg and the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The bands associated with the mineral phase by RS were significantly accentuated in the 1%/2% arg specimens compared to in other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05)<b>.</b> The TEM analysis revealed that 4% arg exhibited an ill-defined shape of enamel crystals. Docking of arg molecules to MMPs appears feasible, with arg inhibiting MMP-2/MMP-9 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). L-arginine supplementation has an antimicrobial effect on mono-species biofilm. L-arginine treatment at lower (1%/2%) concentrations exhibits enamel hydroxyapatite stability, while the molecule has the potential to inhibit MMP-2/MMP-9.
format	article
author	Mohammed Nadeem Bijle Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Abhishek Parolia Muneer Gohar Babar Cynthia Yiu Umer Daood
author_facet	Mohammed Nadeem Bijle Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Abhishek Parolia Muneer Gohar Babar Cynthia Yiu Umer Daood
author_sort	Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
title	Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
title_short	Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
title_full	Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
title_fullStr	Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
title_full_unstemmed	Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition
title_sort	concentration-dependent multi-potentiality of l-arginine: antimicrobial effect, hydroxyapatite stability, and mmps inhibition
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/41e3bc69acad41429ad1601be1def703
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohammednadeembijle concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT mallikarjunaraopichika concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT kitkaymak concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT abhishekparolia concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT muneergoharbabar concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT cynthiayiu concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition AT umerdaood concentrationdependentmultipotentialityoflarginineantimicrobialeffecthydroxyapatitestabilityandmmpsinhibition
_version_	1718431757533970432

Concentration-Dependent Multi-Potentiality of L-Arginine: Antimicrobial Effect, Hydroxyapatite Stability, and MMPs Inhibition

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