Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.

Sporadic mass mortality events of Mediterranean sponges following periods of anomalously high temperatures or longer than usual stratification of the seawater column (i.e. low food availability) suggest that these animals are sensitive to environmental stresses. The Mediterranean sponges Ircinia fas...

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Autores principales:	Lucía Pita, Patrick M Erwin, Xavier Turon, Susanna López-Legentil
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4263af010a324fc7ad7b20126c24db7d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4263af010a324fc7ad7b20126c24db7d2021-11-18T08:44:19ZTill death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0080307https://doaj.org/article/4263af010a324fc7ad7b20126c24db7d2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24312210/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Sporadic mass mortality events of Mediterranean sponges following periods of anomalously high temperatures or longer than usual stratification of the seawater column (i.e. low food availability) suggest that these animals are sensitive to environmental stresses. The Mediterranean sponges Ircinia fasciculata and I. oros harbor distinct, species-specific bacterial communities that are highly stable over time and space but little is known about how anomalous environmental conditions affect the structure of the resident bacterial communities. Here, we monitored the bacterial communities in I. fasciculata (largely affected by mass mortalities) and I. oros (overall unaffected) maintained in aquaria during 3 weeks under 4 treatments that mimicked realistic stress pressures: control conditions (13°C, unfiltered seawater), low food availability (13°C, 0.1 µm-filtered seawater), elevated temperatures (25°C, unfiltered seawater), and a combination of the 2 stressors (25°C, 0.1 µm-filtered seawater). Bacterial community structure was assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As I. fasciculata harbors cyanobacteria, we also measured chlorophyll a (chl a) levels in this species. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant differences in bacterial T-RFLP profiles among treatments for either host sponge species, indicating no effect of high temperatures and food shortage on symbiont community structure. In I. fasciculata, chl a content did not significantly differ among treatments although TEM micrographs revealed some cyanobacteria cells undergoing degradation when exposed to both elevated temperature and food shortage conditions. Arguably, longer-term treatments (months) could have eventually affected bacterial community structure. However, we evidenced no appreciable decay of the symbiotic community in response to medium-term (3 weeks) environmental anomalies purported to cause the recurrent sponge mortality episodes. Thus, changes in symbiont structure are not likely the proximate cause for these reported mortality events.Lucía PitaPatrick M ErwinXavier TuronSusanna López-LegentilPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 11, p e80307 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Lucía Pita Patrick M Erwin Xavier Turon Susanna López-Legentil Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
description	Sporadic mass mortality events of Mediterranean sponges following periods of anomalously high temperatures or longer than usual stratification of the seawater column (i.e. low food availability) suggest that these animals are sensitive to environmental stresses. The Mediterranean sponges Ircinia fasciculata and I. oros harbor distinct, species-specific bacterial communities that are highly stable over time and space but little is known about how anomalous environmental conditions affect the structure of the resident bacterial communities. Here, we monitored the bacterial communities in I. fasciculata (largely affected by mass mortalities) and I. oros (overall unaffected) maintained in aquaria during 3 weeks under 4 treatments that mimicked realistic stress pressures: control conditions (13°C, unfiltered seawater), low food availability (13°C, 0.1 µm-filtered seawater), elevated temperatures (25°C, unfiltered seawater), and a combination of the 2 stressors (25°C, 0.1 µm-filtered seawater). Bacterial community structure was assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As I. fasciculata harbors cyanobacteria, we also measured chlorophyll a (chl a) levels in this species. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant differences in bacterial T-RFLP profiles among treatments for either host sponge species, indicating no effect of high temperatures and food shortage on symbiont community structure. In I. fasciculata, chl a content did not significantly differ among treatments although TEM micrographs revealed some cyanobacteria cells undergoing degradation when exposed to both elevated temperature and food shortage conditions. Arguably, longer-term treatments (months) could have eventually affected bacterial community structure. However, we evidenced no appreciable decay of the symbiotic community in response to medium-term (3 weeks) environmental anomalies purported to cause the recurrent sponge mortality episodes. Thus, changes in symbiont structure are not likely the proximate cause for these reported mortality events.
format	article
author	Lucía Pita Patrick M Erwin Xavier Turon Susanna López-Legentil
author_facet	Lucía Pita Patrick M Erwin Xavier Turon Susanna López-Legentil
author_sort	Lucía Pita
title	Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
title_short	Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
title_full	Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
title_fullStr	Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
title_full_unstemmed	Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
title_sort	till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/4263af010a324fc7ad7b20126c24db7d
work_keys_str_mv	AT luciapita tilldeathdouspartstablespongebacteriaassociationsunderthermalandfoodshortagestresses AT patrickmerwin tilldeathdouspartstablespongebacteriaassociationsunderthermalandfoodshortagestresses AT xavierturon tilldeathdouspartstablespongebacteriaassociationsunderthermalandfoodshortagestresses AT susannalopezlegentil tilldeathdouspartstablespongebacteriaassociationsunderthermalandfoodshortagestresses
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Till death do us part: stable sponge-bacteria associations under thermal and food shortage stresses.

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