The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

Abstract Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe...

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Autores principales:	Samuel C. Woodburn, Justin L. Bollinger, Eric S. Wohleb
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Microglia Inflammation Homeostasis Stress Parainflammation Depression Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/42cf4b74906b4a63ac29a5df26179759
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:42cf4b74906b4a63ac29a5df261797592021-11-08T11:14:18ZThe semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress10.1186/s12974-021-02309-61742-2094https://doaj.org/article/42cf4b74906b4a63ac29a5df261797592021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6https://doaj.org/toc/1742-2094Abstract Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as ‘microglia activation’ or ‘neuroinflammation’ are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.Samuel C. WoodburnJustin L. BollingerEric S. WohlebBMCarticleMicrogliaInflammationHomeostasisStressParainflammationDepressionNeurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENJournal of Neuroinflammation, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microglia Inflammation Homeostasis Stress Parainflammation Depression Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Microglia Inflammation Homeostasis Stress Parainflammation Depression Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Samuel C. Woodburn Justin L. Bollinger Eric S. Wohleb The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
description	Abstract Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as ‘microglia activation’ or ‘neuroinflammation’ are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
format	article
author	Samuel C. Woodburn Justin L. Bollinger Eric S. Wohleb
author_facet	Samuel C. Woodburn Justin L. Bollinger Eric S. Wohleb
author_sort	Samuel C. Woodburn
title	The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
title_short	The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
title_full	The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
title_fullStr	The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
title_full_unstemmed	The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
title_sort	semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/42cf4b74906b4a63ac29a5df26179759
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The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

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