Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.

The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argu...

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Autores principales:	Roman M Wittig, Christophe Boesch
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2010
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/435323125bb84063b9302346ab546dbc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:435323125bb84063b9302346ab546dbc2021-11-18T07:36:49ZReceiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0013995https://doaj.org/article/435323125bb84063b9302346ab546dbc2010-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21085592/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend's former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent's friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge.Roman M WittigChristophe BoeschPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 5, Iss 11, p e13995 (2010)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Roman M Wittig Christophe Boesch Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
description	The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend's former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent's friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge.
format	article
author	Roman M Wittig Christophe Boesch
author_facet	Roman M Wittig Christophe Boesch
author_sort	Roman M Wittig
title	Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
title_short	Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
title_full	Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
title_fullStr	Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
title_full_unstemmed	Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
title_sort	receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2010
url	https://doaj.org/article/435323125bb84063b9302346ab546dbc
work_keys_str_mv	AT romanmwittig receivingpostconflictaffiliationfromtheenemysfriendreconcilesformeropponents AT christopheboesch receivingpostconflictaffiliationfromtheenemysfriendreconcilesformeropponents
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Receiving post-conflict affiliation from the enemy's friend reconciles former opponents.

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