Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries

This study explores the level and frequency of anxiety about COVID-19 infection in some Middle Eastern countries, and differences in this anxiety by country, gender, workplace, and social status. Another aim was to identify the predictive power of anxiety about COVID-19 infection, daily smartphone u...

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Autores principales:	Mohammad Farhan Al. Qudah, Ismael Salamah Albursan, Heba Ibraheem Hammad, Ahmad Mohammad Alzoubi, Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet, Abdullah M. Almanie, Soltan S. Alenizi, Suliman S. Aljomaa, Mohammed M. Al-Khadher
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	anxiety about COVID-19 infection COVID-19 frequency age smartphone addiction Middle Eastern countries Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/436be20729524ee2875388cc6fab634b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:436be20729524ee2875388cc6fab634b2021-11-11T16:10:37ZAnxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries10.3390/ijerph1821110161660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/436be20729524ee2875388cc6fab634b2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11016https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601This study explores the level and frequency of anxiety about COVID-19 infection in some Middle Eastern countries, and differences in this anxiety by country, gender, workplace, and social status. Another aim was to identify the predictive power of anxiety about COVID-19 infection, daily smartphone use hours, and age in smartphone addiction. The participants were 651 males and females from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt. The participants’ ages ranged between 18 and 73 years (M 33.36, SD = 10.69). A questionnaire developed by the authors was used to examine anxiety about COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the Italian Smartphone Addiction Inventory was used after being translated, adapted, and validated for the purposes of the present study. The results revealed that the percentages of participants with high, average, and low anxiety about COVID-19 infection were 10.3%, 37.3%, and 52.4%, respectively. The mean scores of anxiety about COVID-19 infection in the four countries were average: Egypt (M = 2.655), Saudi Arabia (M = 2.458), the United Arab Emirates (M = 2.413), and Jordan (M = 2.336). Significant differences in anxiety about COVID-19 infection were found between Egypt and Jordan, in favor of Egypt. Significant gender differences were found in favor of females in the Jordanian and Egyptian samples, and in favor of males in the Emirati sample. No significant differences were found regarding workplace and social status. The results also revealed a significant positive relationship between anxiety about COVID-19 infection, daily smartphone use hours, and age on the one hand, and smartphone addiction on the other. The strongest predictor of smartphone addiction was anxiety about COVID-19 infection, followed by daily use hours. Age did not significantly contribute to the prediction of smartphone addiction. The study findings shed light on the psychological health and cognitive aspects of anxiety about COVID-19 infection and its relation to smartphone addiction.Mohammad Farhan Al. QudahIsmael Salamah AlbursanHeba Ibraheem HammadAhmad Mohammad AlzoubiSalaheldin Farah BakhietAbdullah M. AlmanieSoltan S. AleniziSuliman S. AljomaaMohammed M. Al-KhadherMDPI AGarticleanxiety about COVID-19 infectionCOVID-19frequencyagesmartphone addictionMiddle Eastern countriesMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11016, p 11016 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anxiety about COVID-19 infection COVID-19 frequency age smartphone addiction Middle Eastern countries Medicine R
spellingShingle	anxiety about COVID-19 infection COVID-19 frequency age smartphone addiction Middle Eastern countries Medicine R Mohammad Farhan Al. Qudah Ismael Salamah Albursan Heba Ibraheem Hammad Ahmad Mohammad Alzoubi Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet Abdullah M. Almanie Soltan S. Alenizi Suliman S. Aljomaa Mohammed M. Al-Khadher Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
description	This study explores the level and frequency of anxiety about COVID-19 infection in some Middle Eastern countries, and differences in this anxiety by country, gender, workplace, and social status. Another aim was to identify the predictive power of anxiety about COVID-19 infection, daily smartphone use hours, and age in smartphone addiction. The participants were 651 males and females from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt. The participants’ ages ranged between 18 and 73 years (M 33.36, SD = 10.69). A questionnaire developed by the authors was used to examine anxiety about COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the Italian Smartphone Addiction Inventory was used after being translated, adapted, and validated for the purposes of the present study. The results revealed that the percentages of participants with high, average, and low anxiety about COVID-19 infection were 10.3%, 37.3%, and 52.4%, respectively. The mean scores of anxiety about COVID-19 infection in the four countries were average: Egypt (M = 2.655), Saudi Arabia (M = 2.458), the United Arab Emirates (M = 2.413), and Jordan (M = 2.336). Significant differences in anxiety about COVID-19 infection were found between Egypt and Jordan, in favor of Egypt. Significant gender differences were found in favor of females in the Jordanian and Egyptian samples, and in favor of males in the Emirati sample. No significant differences were found regarding workplace and social status. The results also revealed a significant positive relationship between anxiety about COVID-19 infection, daily smartphone use hours, and age on the one hand, and smartphone addiction on the other. The strongest predictor of smartphone addiction was anxiety about COVID-19 infection, followed by daily use hours. Age did not significantly contribute to the prediction of smartphone addiction. The study findings shed light on the psychological health and cognitive aspects of anxiety about COVID-19 infection and its relation to smartphone addiction.
format	article
author	Mohammad Farhan Al. Qudah Ismael Salamah Albursan Heba Ibraheem Hammad Ahmad Mohammad Alzoubi Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet Abdullah M. Almanie Soltan S. Alenizi Suliman S. Aljomaa Mohammed M. Al-Khadher
author_facet	Mohammad Farhan Al. Qudah Ismael Salamah Albursan Heba Ibraheem Hammad Ahmad Mohammad Alzoubi Salaheldin Farah Bakhiet Abdullah M. Almanie Soltan S. Alenizi Suliman S. Aljomaa Mohammed M. Al-Khadher
author_sort	Mohammad Farhan Al. Qudah
title	Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
title_short	Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
title_full	Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
title_fullStr	Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
title_full_unstemmed	Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries
title_sort	anxiety about covid-19 infection, and its relation to smartphone addiction and demographic variables in middle eastern countries
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/436be20729524ee2875388cc6fab634b
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Anxiety about COVID-19 Infection, and Its Relation to Smartphone Addiction and Demographic Variables in Middle Eastern Countries

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