Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality and their pathogenesis lies mainly in the atherosclerotic process. There are close connections linking oxidative stress and inflammation to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and, consequently, to CVD. This review focuses...

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Autores principales:	Letizia Polito, Massimo Bortolotti, Maria Giulia Battelli, Andrea Bolognesi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular diseases Hypertension Nitric oxide Reactive oxygen species Uric acid Medicine (General) R5-920 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4408fe5b6fd343a3bd633492cf7eaf98
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4408fe5b6fd343a3bd633492cf7eaf982021-11-28T04:31:25ZXanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama2213-231710.1016/j.redox.2021.102195https://doaj.org/article/4408fe5b6fd343a3bd633492cf7eaf982021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231721003554https://doaj.org/toc/2213-2317Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality and their pathogenesis lies mainly in the atherosclerotic process. There are close connections linking oxidative stress and inflammation to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and, consequently, to CVD. This review focuses on the role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products on the development of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, responsible for atheromatous plaque formation. Evidence is reported that an excessive level of XOR products favors inflammatory response and plaque development, thereby promoting major cardiovascular risk factors. Also, the relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension as well as between XOR activity and CVD is confirmed. In spite of the increasing number of clinical studies investigating the output of cardiovascular patients treated with urate-lowering therapies (including uricosuric drugs, XOR inhibitors and recombinant uricase) the results are still uncertain. The inhibition of XOR activity appears more promising than just the control of uricemia level in preventing cardiovascular events, possibly because it also reduces the intracellular accumulation of urate, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. However, XOR inhibition also reduces the availability of the multifaced mediator nitric oxide and, at present, can be recommended only in hyperuricemic patients.Letizia PolitoMassimo BortolottiMaria Giulia BattelliAndrea BolognesiElsevierarticleAtherosclerosisCardiovascular diseasesHypertensionNitric oxideReactive oxygen speciesUric acidMedicine (General)R5-920Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENRedox Biology, Vol 48, Iss , Pp 102195- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular diseases Hypertension Nitric oxide Reactive oxygen species Uric acid Medicine (General) R5-920 Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular diseases Hypertension Nitric oxide Reactive oxygen species Uric acid Medicine (General) R5-920 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Letizia Polito Massimo Bortolotti Maria Giulia Battelli Andrea Bolognesi Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
description	Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality and their pathogenesis lies mainly in the atherosclerotic process. There are close connections linking oxidative stress and inflammation to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and, consequently, to CVD. This review focuses on the role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products on the development of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, responsible for atheromatous plaque formation. Evidence is reported that an excessive level of XOR products favors inflammatory response and plaque development, thereby promoting major cardiovascular risk factors. Also, the relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension as well as between XOR activity and CVD is confirmed. In spite of the increasing number of clinical studies investigating the output of cardiovascular patients treated with urate-lowering therapies (including uricosuric drugs, XOR inhibitors and recombinant uricase) the results are still uncertain. The inhibition of XOR activity appears more promising than just the control of uricemia level in preventing cardiovascular events, possibly because it also reduces the intracellular accumulation of urate, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. However, XOR inhibition also reduces the availability of the multifaced mediator nitric oxide and, at present, can be recommended only in hyperuricemic patients.
format	article
author	Letizia Polito Massimo Bortolotti Maria Giulia Battelli Andrea Bolognesi
author_facet	Letizia Polito Massimo Bortolotti Maria Giulia Battelli Andrea Bolognesi
author_sort	Letizia Polito
title	Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
title_short	Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
title_full	Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
title_fullStr	Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
title_full_unstemmed	Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
title_sort	xanthine oxidoreductase: a leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4408fe5b6fd343a3bd633492cf7eaf98
work_keys_str_mv	AT letiziapolito xanthineoxidoreductasealeadingactorincardiovasculardiseasedrama AT massimobortolotti xanthineoxidoreductasealeadingactorincardiovasculardiseasedrama AT mariagiuliabattelli xanthineoxidoreductasealeadingactorincardiovasculardiseasedrama AT andreabolognesi xanthineoxidoreductasealeadingactorincardiovasculardiseasedrama
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Xanthine oxidoreductase: A leading actor in cardiovascular disease drama

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