Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation

A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstantiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear n...

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Autores principales:	Halmat Jalal Hassan, Suhairul Hashim, Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah, Sib Krishna Ghoshal, Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi, Fariza Hanim Binti Suhailin, Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi, Rozman Mohd Tahar, David Andrew Bradley
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	NORMs bracelets necklaces Geant4 MC radiological risk Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4418b6f662e64c45971f2885a5d64d9c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4418b6f662e64c45971f2885a5d64d9c2021-11-11T16:19:18ZNaturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation10.3390/ijerph1821111701660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/4418b6f662e64c45971f2885a5d64d9c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11170https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstantiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commercially available bracelets (samples B1 to B15) and five necklaces (samples N16 to N20). Various use scenarios are considered; a Geant4 Monte Carlo (Geant4 MC) simulation is also performed to validate the experimental results. The dose conversion coefficient for external radiation and skin equivalent doses were also evaluated. Among the necklaces, sample N16 showed the greatest levels of radioactivity, at 246 ± 35, 1682 ± 118, and 221 ± 40 Bq, for <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K, respectively. For the bracelets, for <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>232</sup>Th, sample B15 displayed the greatest level of radioactivity, at 146 ± 21 and 980 ± 71 Bq, respectively. N16 offered the greatest percentage concentrations of U and Th, with means of 0.073 ± 0.0002% and 1.51 ± 0.0015%, respectively, giving rise to an estimated annual effective dose exposure of 1.22 mSv, substantially in excess of the ICRP recommended limit of 1 mSv/year.Halmat Jalal HassanSuhairul HashimNoor Zati Hani Abu HanifahSib Krishna GhoshalMohamad Syazwan Mohd SanusiFariza Hanim Binti SuhailinMuhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul HadiRozman Mohd TaharDavid Andrew BradleyMDPI AGarticleNORMsbraceletsnecklacesGeant4 MCradiological riskMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11170, p 11170 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	NORMs bracelets necklaces Geant4 MC radiological risk Medicine R
spellingShingle	NORMs bracelets necklaces Geant4 MC radiological risk Medicine R Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Sib Krishna Ghoshal Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi Fariza Hanim Binti Suhailin Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Rozman Mohd Tahar David Andrew Bradley Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
description	A particular category of jewelry is one involving bracelets and necklaces that are deliberately made to contain naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)—purveyors making unsubstantiated claims for health benefits from the release of negative ions. Conversely, within the bounds of the linear no-threshold model, long-term use presents a radiological risk to wearers. Evaluation is conducted herein of the radiological risk arising from wearing these products and gamma-ray spectrometry is used to determine the radioactivity levels and annual effective dose of 15 commercially available bracelets (samples B1 to B15) and five necklaces (samples N16 to N20). Various use scenarios are considered; a Geant4 Monte Carlo (Geant4 MC) simulation is also performed to validate the experimental results. The dose conversion coefficient for external radiation and skin equivalent doses were also evaluated. Among the necklaces, sample N16 showed the greatest levels of radioactivity, at 246 ± 35, 1682 ± 118, and 221 ± 40 Bq, for <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K, respectively. For the bracelets, for <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>232</sup>Th, sample B15 displayed the greatest level of radioactivity, at 146 ± 21 and 980 ± 71 Bq, respectively. N16 offered the greatest percentage concentrations of U and Th, with means of 0.073 ± 0.0002% and 1.51 ± 0.0015%, respectively, giving rise to an estimated annual effective dose exposure of 1.22 mSv, substantially in excess of the ICRP recommended limit of 1 mSv/year.
format	article
author	Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Sib Krishna Ghoshal Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi Fariza Hanim Binti Suhailin Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Rozman Mohd Tahar David Andrew Bradley
author_facet	Halmat Jalal Hassan Suhairul Hashim Noor Zati Hani Abu Hanifah Sib Krishna Ghoshal Mohamad Syazwan Mohd Sanusi Fariza Hanim Binti Suhailin Muhammad Fahmi Rizal Abdul Hadi Rozman Mohd Tahar David Andrew Bradley
author_sort	Halmat Jalal Hassan
title	Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
title_short	Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
title_full	Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
title_fullStr	Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
title_full_unstemmed	Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation
title_sort	naturally occurring radioactive materials in bracelets and necklaces: radiological risk evaluation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4418b6f662e64c45971f2885a5d64d9c
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Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Bracelets and Necklaces: Radiological Risk Evaluation

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