Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.

Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation. However, the precise driving forces for this out-of-X gene "move...

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Autores principales:	Lukasz Potrzebowski, Nicolas Vinckenbosch, Ana Claudia Marques, Frédéric Chalmel, Bernard Jégou, Henrik Kaessmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/442254bdcf6a4922b002f6c9c901a968
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:442254bdcf6a4922b002f6c9c901a9682021-11-25T05:33:25ZChromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.1544-91731545-788510.1371/journal.pbio.0060080https://doaj.org/article/442254bdcf6a4922b002f6c9c901a9682008-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/18384235/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1544-9173https://doaj.org/toc/1545-7885Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation. However, the precise driving forces for this out-of-X gene "movement" and its evolutionary onset are not known. Based on expression analyses of male germ-cell populations, we here substantiate and extend the hypothesis that autosomal retrogenes functionally compensate for the silencing of their X-linked housekeeping parental genes during, but also after, male meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Thus, sexually antagonistic forces have not played a major role for the selective fixation of X-derived gene copies in mammals. Our dating analyses reveal that although retrogenes were produced ever since the common mammalian ancestor, selectively driven retrogene export from the X only started later, on the placental mammal (eutherian) and marsupial (metatherian) lineages, respectively. Together, these observations suggest that chromosome-wide MSCI emerged close to the eutherian-marsupial split approximately 180 million years ago. Given that MSCI probably reflects the spread of the recombination barrier between the X and Y, crucial for their differentiation, our data imply that these chromosomes became more widely differentiated only late in the therian ancestor, well after the divergence of the monotreme lineage. Thus, our study also provides strong independent support for the recent notion that our sex chromosomes emerged, not in the common ancestor of all mammals, but rather in the therian ancestor, and therefore are much younger than previously thought.Lukasz PotrzebowskiNicolas VinckenboschAna Claudia MarquesFrédéric ChalmelBernard JégouHenrik KaessmannPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Biology, Vol 6, Iss 4, p e80 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Lukasz Potrzebowski Nicolas Vinckenbosch Ana Claudia Marques Frédéric Chalmel Bernard Jégou Henrik Kaessmann Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
description	Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation. However, the precise driving forces for this out-of-X gene "movement" and its evolutionary onset are not known. Based on expression analyses of male germ-cell populations, we here substantiate and extend the hypothesis that autosomal retrogenes functionally compensate for the silencing of their X-linked housekeeping parental genes during, but also after, male meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Thus, sexually antagonistic forces have not played a major role for the selective fixation of X-derived gene copies in mammals. Our dating analyses reveal that although retrogenes were produced ever since the common mammalian ancestor, selectively driven retrogene export from the X only started later, on the placental mammal (eutherian) and marsupial (metatherian) lineages, respectively. Together, these observations suggest that chromosome-wide MSCI emerged close to the eutherian-marsupial split approximately 180 million years ago. Given that MSCI probably reflects the spread of the recombination barrier between the X and Y, crucial for their differentiation, our data imply that these chromosomes became more widely differentiated only late in the therian ancestor, well after the divergence of the monotreme lineage. Thus, our study also provides strong independent support for the recent notion that our sex chromosomes emerged, not in the common ancestor of all mammals, but rather in the therian ancestor, and therefore are much younger than previously thought.
format	article
author	Lukasz Potrzebowski Nicolas Vinckenbosch Ana Claudia Marques Frédéric Chalmel Bernard Jégou Henrik Kaessmann
author_facet	Lukasz Potrzebowski Nicolas Vinckenbosch Ana Claudia Marques Frédéric Chalmel Bernard Jégou Henrik Kaessmann
author_sort	Lukasz Potrzebowski
title	Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
title_short	Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
title_full	Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
title_fullStr	Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
title_full_unstemmed	Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
title_sort	chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/442254bdcf6a4922b002f6c9c901a968
work_keys_str_mv	AT lukaszpotrzebowski chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes AT nicolasvinckenbosch chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes AT anaclaudiamarques chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes AT fredericchalmel chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes AT bernardjegou chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes AT henrikkaessmann chromosomalgenemovementsreflecttherecentoriginandbiologyoftheriansexchromosomes
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Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes.

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