Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits

Metamaterial photonic integrated circuits with arrays of hybrid graphene–superconductor coupled split-ring resonators (SRR) capable of modulating and slowing down terahertz (THz) light are introduced and proposed. The hybrid device’s optical responses, such as electromagnetic-induced transparency (E...

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Autores principales:	Samane Kalhor, Stephen J. Kindness, Robert Wallis, Harvey E. Beere, Majid Ghanaatshoar, Riccardo Degl’Innocenti, Michael J. Kelly, Stephan Hofmann, Hannah J. Joyce, David A. Ritchie, Kaveh Delfanazari
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	hybrid photonic integrated circuits graphene superconductors terahertz photonics terahertz electronics electromagnetic induced transparency Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/44b86e6f3a3040b2b1afd353d309db0a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:44b86e6f3a3040b2b1afd353d309db0a2021-11-25T18:31:32ZActive Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits10.3390/nano111129992079-4991https://doaj.org/article/44b86e6f3a3040b2b1afd353d309db0a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/2999https://doaj.org/toc/2079-4991Metamaterial photonic integrated circuits with arrays of hybrid graphene–superconductor coupled split-ring resonators (SRR) capable of modulating and slowing down terahertz (THz) light are introduced and proposed. The hybrid device’s optical responses, such as electromagnetic-induced transparency (EIT) and group delay, can be modulated in several ways. First, it is modulated electrically by changing the conductivity and carrier concentrations in graphene. Alternatively, the optical response can be modified by acting on the device temperature sensitivity by switching Nb from a lossy normal phase to a low-loss quantum mechanical phase below the transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>) of Nb. Maximum modulation depths of 57.3% and 97.61% are achieved for EIT and group delay at the THz transmission window, respectively. A comparison is carried out between the Nb-graphene-Nb coupled SRR-based devices with those of Au-graphene-Au SRRs, and significant enhancements of the THz transmission, group delay, and EIT responses are observed when Nb is in the quantum mechanical phase. Such hybrid devices with their reasonably large and tunable slow light bandwidth pave the way for the realization of active optoelectronic modulators, filters, phase shifters, and slow light devices for applications in chip-scale future communication and computation systems.Samane KalhorStephen J. KindnessRobert WallisHarvey E. BeereMajid GhanaatshoarRiccardo Degl’InnocentiMichael J. KellyStephan HofmannHannah J. JoyceDavid A. RitchieKaveh DelfanazariMDPI AGarticlehybrid photonic integrated circuitsgraphenesuperconductorsterahertz photonicsterahertz electronicselectromagnetic induced transparencyChemistryQD1-999ENNanomaterials, Vol 11, Iss 2999, p 2999 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	hybrid photonic integrated circuits graphene superconductors terahertz photonics terahertz electronics electromagnetic induced transparency Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	hybrid photonic integrated circuits graphene superconductors terahertz photonics terahertz electronics electromagnetic induced transparency Chemistry QD1-999 Samane Kalhor Stephen J. Kindness Robert Wallis Harvey E. Beere Majid Ghanaatshoar Riccardo Degl’Innocenti Michael J. Kelly Stephan Hofmann Hannah J. Joyce David A. Ritchie Kaveh Delfanazari Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
description	Metamaterial photonic integrated circuits with arrays of hybrid graphene–superconductor coupled split-ring resonators (SRR) capable of modulating and slowing down terahertz (THz) light are introduced and proposed. The hybrid device’s optical responses, such as electromagnetic-induced transparency (EIT) and group delay, can be modulated in several ways. First, it is modulated electrically by changing the conductivity and carrier concentrations in graphene. Alternatively, the optical response can be modified by acting on the device temperature sensitivity by switching Nb from a lossy normal phase to a low-loss quantum mechanical phase below the transition temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>) of Nb. Maximum modulation depths of 57.3% and 97.61% are achieved for EIT and group delay at the THz transmission window, respectively. A comparison is carried out between the Nb-graphene-Nb coupled SRR-based devices with those of Au-graphene-Au SRRs, and significant enhancements of the THz transmission, group delay, and EIT responses are observed when Nb is in the quantum mechanical phase. Such hybrid devices with their reasonably large and tunable slow light bandwidth pave the way for the realization of active optoelectronic modulators, filters, phase shifters, and slow light devices for applications in chip-scale future communication and computation systems.
format	article
author	Samane Kalhor Stephen J. Kindness Robert Wallis Harvey E. Beere Majid Ghanaatshoar Riccardo Degl’Innocenti Michael J. Kelly Stephan Hofmann Hannah J. Joyce David A. Ritchie Kaveh Delfanazari
author_facet	Samane Kalhor Stephen J. Kindness Robert Wallis Harvey E. Beere Majid Ghanaatshoar Riccardo Degl’Innocenti Michael J. Kelly Stephan Hofmann Hannah J. Joyce David A. Ritchie Kaveh Delfanazari
author_sort	Samane Kalhor
title	Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
title_short	Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
title_full	Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
title_fullStr	Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
title_full_unstemmed	Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits
title_sort	active terahertz modulator and slow light metamaterial devices with hybrid graphene–superconductor photonic integrated circuits
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/44b86e6f3a3040b2b1afd353d309db0a
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Active Terahertz Modulator and Slow Light Metamaterial Devices with Hybrid Graphene–Superconductor Photonic Integrated Circuits

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