Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance amon...

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Autores principales:	Subhash Chandra, Pravin Jagdale, Isha Medha, Ashwani Kumar Tiwari, Mattia Bartoli, Antonio De Nino, Fabrizio Olivito
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	sulfamethoxazole photocatalysis biochar titanium oxide and antibiotic Chemical technology TP1-1185
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c12021-11-25T19:08:20ZBiochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review10.3390/toxics91103132305-6304https://doaj.org/article/44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/313https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6304Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance among the microbial community, which can lead to frequent clinical infections. SMX removal from water is usually done through advanced treatment processes, such as adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and biodegradation. Among them, the advanced oxidation process using TiO<sub>2</sub> and its composites is being widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub> is a widely used photocatalyst; however, it has certain limitations, such as low visible light response and quick recombination of e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pairs. Integrating the biochar with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles can overcome such limitations. The biochar-supported TiO<sub>2</sub> composites showed a significant increase in the photocatalytic activities in the UV-visible range, which resulted in a substantial increase in the degradation of SMX in water. The present review has critically reviewed the methods of biochar TiO<sub>2</sub> composite synthesis, the effect of biochar integration with the TiO<sub>2</sub> on its physicochemical properties, and the chemical pathways through which the biochar/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite degrades the SMX in water or aqueous solution. The degradation of SMX using photocatalysis can be considered a useful model, and the research studies presented in this review will allow extending this area of research on other types of similar pharmaceuticals or pollutants in general in the future.Subhash ChandraPravin JagdaleIsha MedhaAshwani Kumar TiwariMattia BartoliAntonio De NinoFabrizio OlivitoMDPI AGarticlesulfamethoxazolephotocatalysisbiochartitanium oxide and antibioticChemical technologyTP1-1185ENToxics, Vol 9, Iss 313, p 313 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	sulfamethoxazole photocatalysis biochar titanium oxide and antibiotic Chemical technology TP1-1185
spellingShingle	sulfamethoxazole photocatalysis biochar titanium oxide and antibiotic Chemical technology TP1-1185 Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
description	Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a frequently used antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections and as a supplement in livestock or fishery farming to boost production. The release of SMX into the environment can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance among the microbial community, which can lead to frequent clinical infections. SMX removal from water is usually done through advanced treatment processes, such as adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and biodegradation. Among them, the advanced oxidation process using TiO<sub>2</sub> and its composites is being widely used. TiO<sub>2</sub> is a widely used photocatalyst; however, it has certain limitations, such as low visible light response and quick recombination of e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> pairs. Integrating the biochar with TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles can overcome such limitations. The biochar-supported TiO<sub>2</sub> composites showed a significant increase in the photocatalytic activities in the UV-visible range, which resulted in a substantial increase in the degradation of SMX in water. The present review has critically reviewed the methods of biochar TiO<sub>2</sub> composite synthesis, the effect of biochar integration with the TiO<sub>2</sub> on its physicochemical properties, and the chemical pathways through which the biochar/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite degrades the SMX in water or aqueous solution. The degradation of SMX using photocatalysis can be considered a useful model, and the research studies presented in this review will allow extending this area of research on other types of similar pharmaceuticals or pollutants in general in the future.
format	article
author	Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito
author_facet	Subhash Chandra Pravin Jagdale Isha Medha Ashwani Kumar Tiwari Mattia Bartoli Antonio De Nino Fabrizio Olivito
author_sort	Subhash Chandra
title	Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
title_short	Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
title_full	Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
title_fullStr	Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review
title_sort	biochar-supported tio<sub>2</sub>-based nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole in water—a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/44cd13f097184cb4bdb9200e8ee1c1c1
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Biochar-Supported TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Nanocomposites for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in Water—A Review

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