Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies

Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targ...

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Autores principales:	Joanna Rzemieniec, Laura Castiglioni, Paolo Gelosa, Majeda Muluhie, Benedetta Mercuriali, Luigi Sironi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	estrogen receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors brain heart myocardial infarction Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/456adc5bcc2d44569d80c0c2bc32130f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:456adc5bcc2d44569d80c0c2bc32130f2021-11-25T17:55:25ZNuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies10.3390/ijms2222123261422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/456adc5bcc2d44569d80c0c2bc32130f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12326https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targets that could protect the brain and heart against ischemia without evoking major side effects. Nuclear receptors are one of the promising targets for anti-ischemic drugs. Modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by their ligands is known to exert neuro-, and cardioprotective effects through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant action. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is strongly increased after brain or heart ischemia and evokes an activation of apoptosis or inflammation in injury site. We hypothesize that activation of ERs and PPARs and inhibition of AhR signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to protect the heart and the brain against ischemia. In this Review, we will discuss currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of action of ERs, PPARs and AhR in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction and future perspectives to use them as novel targets in cardiovascular diseases.Joanna RzemieniecLaura CastiglioniPaolo GelosaMajeda MuluhieBenedetta MercurialiLuigi SironiMDPI AGarticleestrogen receptorsaryl hydrocarbon receptorperoxisome proliferator-activated receptorsbrainheartmyocardial infarctionBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12326, p 12326 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	estrogen receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors brain heart myocardial infarction Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	estrogen receptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors brain heart myocardial infarction Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Joanna Rzemieniec Laura Castiglioni Paolo Gelosa Majeda Muluhie Benedetta Mercuriali Luigi Sironi Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
description	Nearly 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in 2019, of these 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. The available therapies although efficacious, have narrow therapeutic window and long list of contraindications. Therefore, there is still an urgent need to find novel molecular targets that could protect the brain and heart against ischemia without evoking major side effects. Nuclear receptors are one of the promising targets for anti-ischemic drugs. Modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by their ligands is known to exert neuro-, and cardioprotective effects through anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidant action. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is strongly increased after brain or heart ischemia and evokes an activation of apoptosis or inflammation in injury site. We hypothesize that activation of ERs and PPARs and inhibition of AhR signaling pathways could be a promising strategy to protect the heart and the brain against ischemia. In this Review, we will discuss currently available knowledge on the mechanisms of action of ERs, PPARs and AhR in experimental models of stroke and myocardial infarction and future perspectives to use them as novel targets in cardiovascular diseases.
format	article
author	Joanna Rzemieniec Laura Castiglioni Paolo Gelosa Majeda Muluhie Benedetta Mercuriali Luigi Sironi
author_facet	Joanna Rzemieniec Laura Castiglioni Paolo Gelosa Majeda Muluhie Benedetta Mercuriali Luigi Sironi
author_sort	Joanna Rzemieniec
title	Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
title_short	Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
title_full	Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
title_fullStr	Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
title_full_unstemmed	Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies
title_sort	nuclear receptors in myocardial and cerebral ischemia—mechanisms of action and therapeutic strategies
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/456adc5bcc2d44569d80c0c2bc32130f
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Nuclear Receptors in Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia—Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Strategies

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