Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites

Diabetes mellitus type II and obesity are two important causes of death in modern society. They are characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction (meta-inflammation), which is observed in all tissues involved in energy homeostasis. A substantial body of evidence has estab...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:
Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Sara Russo, Marcel Kwiatkowski, Natalia Govorukhina, Rainer Bischoff, Barbro N. Melgert
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
M1
M2
MS
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/459d8a632e07435bbf79f1f463702a43
Etiquetas: Agregar Etiqueta
Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!
id oai:doaj.org-article:459d8a632e07435bbf79f1f463702a43
record_format dspace
spelling oai:doaj.org-article:459d8a632e07435bbf79f1f463702a432021-11-05T12:03:30ZMeta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites1664-322410.3389/fimmu.2021.746151https://doaj.org/article/459d8a632e07435bbf79f1f463702a432021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.746151/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-3224Diabetes mellitus type II and obesity are two important causes of death in modern society. They are characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction (meta-inflammation), which is observed in all tissues involved in energy homeostasis. A substantial body of evidence has established an important role for macrophages in these tissues during the development of diabetes mellitus type II and obesity. Macrophages can activate into specialized subsets by cues from their microenvironment to handle a variety of tasks. Many different subsets have been described and in diabetes/obesity literature two main classifications are widely used that are also defined by differential metabolic reprogramming taking place to fuel their main functions. Classically activated, pro-inflammatory macrophages (often referred to as M1) favor glycolysis, produce lactate instead of metabolizing pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and have a tricarboxylic acid cycle that is interrupted at two points. Alternatively activated macrophages (often referred to as M2) mainly use beta-oxidation of fatty acids and oxidative phosphorylation to create energy-rich molecules such as ATP and are involved in tissue repair and downregulation of inflammation. Since diabetes type II and obesity are characterized by metabolic alterations at the organism level, these alterations may also induce changes in macrophage metabolism resulting in unique macrophage activation patterns in diabetes and obesity. This review describes the interactions between metabolic reprogramming of macrophages and conditions of metabolic dysfunction like diabetes and obesity. We also focus on different possibilities of measuring a range of metabolites intra-and extracellularly in a precise and comprehensive manner to better identify the subsets of polarized macrophages that are unique to diabetes and obesity. Advantages and disadvantages of the currently most widely used metabolite analysis approaches are highlighted. We further describe how their combined use may serve to provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic changes that take place intracellularly during macrophage activation in conditions like diabetes and obesity.Sara RussoMarcel KwiatkowskiNatalia GovorukhinaRainer BischoffBarbro N. MelgertBarbro N. MelgertFrontiers Media S.A.articleM1classically activated macrophageM2DMTIImetabolite analysisMSImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENFrontiers in Immunology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic M1
classically activated macrophage
M2
DMTII
metabolite analysis
MS
Immunologic diseases. Allergy
RC581-607
spellingShingle M1
classically activated macrophage
M2
DMTII
metabolite analysis
MS
Immunologic diseases. Allergy
RC581-607
Sara Russo
Marcel Kwiatkowski
Natalia Govorukhina
Rainer Bischoff
Barbro N. Melgert
Barbro N. Melgert
Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
description Diabetes mellitus type II and obesity are two important causes of death in modern society. They are characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction (meta-inflammation), which is observed in all tissues involved in energy homeostasis. A substantial body of evidence has established an important role for macrophages in these tissues during the development of diabetes mellitus type II and obesity. Macrophages can activate into specialized subsets by cues from their microenvironment to handle a variety of tasks. Many different subsets have been described and in diabetes/obesity literature two main classifications are widely used that are also defined by differential metabolic reprogramming taking place to fuel their main functions. Classically activated, pro-inflammatory macrophages (often referred to as M1) favor glycolysis, produce lactate instead of metabolizing pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and have a tricarboxylic acid cycle that is interrupted at two points. Alternatively activated macrophages (often referred to as M2) mainly use beta-oxidation of fatty acids and oxidative phosphorylation to create energy-rich molecules such as ATP and are involved in tissue repair and downregulation of inflammation. Since diabetes type II and obesity are characterized by metabolic alterations at the organism level, these alterations may also induce changes in macrophage metabolism resulting in unique macrophage activation patterns in diabetes and obesity. This review describes the interactions between metabolic reprogramming of macrophages and conditions of metabolic dysfunction like diabetes and obesity. We also focus on different possibilities of measuring a range of metabolites intra-and extracellularly in a precise and comprehensive manner to better identify the subsets of polarized macrophages that are unique to diabetes and obesity. Advantages and disadvantages of the currently most widely used metabolite analysis approaches are highlighted. We further describe how their combined use may serve to provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic changes that take place intracellularly during macrophage activation in conditions like diabetes and obesity.
format article
author Sara Russo
Marcel Kwiatkowski
Natalia Govorukhina
Rainer Bischoff
Barbro N. Melgert
Barbro N. Melgert
author_facet Sara Russo
Marcel Kwiatkowski
Natalia Govorukhina
Rainer Bischoff
Barbro N. Melgert
Barbro N. Melgert
author_sort Sara Russo
title Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
title_short Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
title_full Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
title_fullStr Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
title_full_unstemmed Meta-Inflammation and Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages in Diabetes and Obesity: The Importance of Metabolites
title_sort meta-inflammation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in diabetes and obesity: the importance of metabolites
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/459d8a632e07435bbf79f1f463702a43
work_keys_str_mv AT sararusso metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
AT marcelkwiatkowski metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
AT nataliagovorukhina metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
AT rainerbischoff metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
AT barbronmelgert metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
AT barbronmelgert metainflammationandmetabolicreprogrammingofmacrophagesindiabetesandobesitytheimportanceofmetabolites
_version_ 1718444284470886400