Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

Net-zero energy buildings (ZEB/NZEB) have been greatly encouraged and are considered to be a promising approach for energy conservation as well as environmental protection. However, a lack of incentive mechanisms can hinder the fast development and application of ZEB. This study thus focuses on the...

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Autores principales:	Yang Zhang, Yuehong Lu, Changlong Wang, Zhijia Huang, Tao Lv
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	net-zero energy building reward–penalty mechanism uncertainty analysis degree of freedom stability Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/45e991d797cb40e1ae6bb4d4138f3d29
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:45e991d797cb40e1ae6bb4d4138f3d29
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:45e991d797cb40e1ae6bb4d4138f3d292021-11-25T19:04:43ZReward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings10.3390/su1322128382071-1050https://doaj.org/article/45e991d797cb40e1ae6bb4d4138f3d292021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12838https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Net-zero energy buildings (ZEB/NZEB) have been greatly encouraged and are considered to be a promising approach for energy conservation as well as environmental protection. However, a lack of incentive mechanisms can hinder the fast development and application of ZEB. This study thus focuses on the design of a daily reward–penalty mechanism (RPM) by considering the performance of the building, aiming to enable a lower penalty cost for the building where there is a better match between energy consumption and energy generation. The impact of the degree of freedom of the building load (k) is investigated on building performance based on a single-family house located in Shanghai city, China. It is observed that a higher value of k is preferred since the building users can adjust its energy consumption profile to better match with its energy generation. A higher k value enables lower annual energy consumption, lower penalty cost, better stability, and an average daily zero energy level of around 1.0. In addition, four quadratic fit curves are derived to describe the relationship between building performance (i.e., annual energy consumption, the average daily zero energy level, stability, and annual penalty cost) and the degree of freedom. Meanwhile, the uncertainty of ZEB performance is quantified, which provides flexibility for building users in selecting the appropriate degree of freedom.Yang ZhangYuehong LuChanglong WangZhijia HuangTao LvMDPI AGarticlenet-zero energy buildingreward–penalty mechanismuncertainty analysisdegree of freedomstabilityEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12838, p 12838 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	net-zero energy building reward–penalty mechanism uncertainty analysis degree of freedom stability Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	net-zero energy building reward–penalty mechanism uncertainty analysis degree of freedom stability Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Yang Zhang Yuehong Lu Changlong Wang Zhijia Huang Tao Lv Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
description	Net-zero energy buildings (ZEB/NZEB) have been greatly encouraged and are considered to be a promising approach for energy conservation as well as environmental protection. However, a lack of incentive mechanisms can hinder the fast development and application of ZEB. This study thus focuses on the design of a daily reward–penalty mechanism (RPM) by considering the performance of the building, aiming to enable a lower penalty cost for the building where there is a better match between energy consumption and energy generation. The impact of the degree of freedom of the building load (k) is investigated on building performance based on a single-family house located in Shanghai city, China. It is observed that a higher value of k is preferred since the building users can adjust its energy consumption profile to better match with its energy generation. A higher k value enables lower annual energy consumption, lower penalty cost, better stability, and an average daily zero energy level of around 1.0. In addition, four quadratic fit curves are derived to describe the relationship between building performance (i.e., annual energy consumption, the average daily zero energy level, stability, and annual penalty cost) and the degree of freedom. Meanwhile, the uncertainty of ZEB performance is quantified, which provides flexibility for building users in selecting the appropriate degree of freedom.
format	article
author	Yang Zhang Yuehong Lu Changlong Wang Zhijia Huang Tao Lv
author_facet	Yang Zhang Yuehong Lu Changlong Wang Zhijia Huang Tao Lv
author_sort	Yang Zhang
title	Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
title_short	Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
title_full	Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
title_fullStr	Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
title_full_unstemmed	Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings
title_sort	reward–penalty mechanism based on daily energy consumption for net-zero energy buildings
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/45e991d797cb40e1ae6bb4d4138f3d29
work_keys_str_mv	AT yangzhang rewardpenaltymechanismbasedondailyenergyconsumptionfornetzeroenergybuildings AT yuehonglu rewardpenaltymechanismbasedondailyenergyconsumptionfornetzeroenergybuildings AT changlongwang rewardpenaltymechanismbasedondailyenergyconsumptionfornetzeroenergybuildings AT zhijiahuang rewardpenaltymechanismbasedondailyenergyconsumptionfornetzeroenergybuildings AT taolv rewardpenaltymechanismbasedondailyenergyconsumptionfornetzeroenergybuildings
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Reward–Penalty Mechanism Based on Daily Energy Consumption for Net-Zero Energy Buildings

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