Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.

<h4>Background</h4>West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus maintained and amplified among birds and tangentially transmitted to humans and horses which may develop terminal neuroinvasive disease. Outbreaks typically have a three-year pattern of silent introduction, rapid amp...

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Autores principales:	Jennifer L Kwan, Susanne Kluh, William K Reisen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4608022f0a0c447cac769dffb9c7f911
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4608022f0a0c447cac769dffb9c7f9112021-11-18T07:24:22ZAntecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0034127https://doaj.org/article/4608022f0a0c447cac769dffb9c7f9112012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22457819/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus maintained and amplified among birds and tangentially transmitted to humans and horses which may develop terminal neuroinvasive disease. Outbreaks typically have a three-year pattern of silent introduction, rapid amplification and subsidence, followed by intermittent recrudescence. Our hypothesis that amplification to outbreak levels is contingent upon antecedent seroprevalence within maintenance host populations was tested by tracking WNV transmission in Los Angeles, California from 2003 through 2011.<h4>Methods</h4>Prevalence of antibodies against WNV was monitored weekly in House Finches and House Sparrows. Tangential or spillover transmission was measured by seroconversions in sentinel chickens and by the number of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases reported to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.<h4>Results</h4>Elevated seroprevalence in these avian populations was associated with the subsidence of outbreaks and in the antecedent dampening of amplification during succeeding years. Dilution of seroprevalence by recruitment resulted in the progressive loss of herd immunity following the 2004 outbreak, leading to recrudescence during 2008 and 2011. WNV appeared to be a significant cause of death in these avian species, because the survivorship of antibody positive birds significantly exceeded that of antibody negative birds. Cross-correlation analysis showed that seroprevalence was negatively correlated prior to the onset of human cases and then positively correlated, peaking at 4-6 weeks after the onset of tangential transmission. Antecedent seroprevalence during winter (Jan - Mar) was negatively correlated with the number of WNND cases during the succeeding summer (Jul-Sep).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Herd immunity levels within after hatching year avian maintenance host populations <10% during the antecedent late winter and spring period were followed on three occasions by outbreaks of WNND cases during the succeeding summer. Because mosquitoes feed almost exclusively on these avian species, amplification was directly related to the availability of receptive non-immune hosts.Jennifer L KwanSusanne KluhWilliam K ReisenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 3, p e34127 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Jennifer L Kwan Susanne Kluh William K Reisen Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
description	<h4>Background</h4>West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus maintained and amplified among birds and tangentially transmitted to humans and horses which may develop terminal neuroinvasive disease. Outbreaks typically have a three-year pattern of silent introduction, rapid amplification and subsidence, followed by intermittent recrudescence. Our hypothesis that amplification to outbreak levels is contingent upon antecedent seroprevalence within maintenance host populations was tested by tracking WNV transmission in Los Angeles, California from 2003 through 2011.<h4>Methods</h4>Prevalence of antibodies against WNV was monitored weekly in House Finches and House Sparrows. Tangential or spillover transmission was measured by seroconversions in sentinel chickens and by the number of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases reported to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.<h4>Results</h4>Elevated seroprevalence in these avian populations was associated with the subsidence of outbreaks and in the antecedent dampening of amplification during succeeding years. Dilution of seroprevalence by recruitment resulted in the progressive loss of herd immunity following the 2004 outbreak, leading to recrudescence during 2008 and 2011. WNV appeared to be a significant cause of death in these avian species, because the survivorship of antibody positive birds significantly exceeded that of antibody negative birds. Cross-correlation analysis showed that seroprevalence was negatively correlated prior to the onset of human cases and then positively correlated, peaking at 4-6 weeks after the onset of tangential transmission. Antecedent seroprevalence during winter (Jan - Mar) was negatively correlated with the number of WNND cases during the succeeding summer (Jul-Sep).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Herd immunity levels within after hatching year avian maintenance host populations <10% during the antecedent late winter and spring period were followed on three occasions by outbreaks of WNND cases during the succeeding summer. Because mosquitoes feed almost exclusively on these avian species, amplification was directly related to the availability of receptive non-immune hosts.
format	article
author	Jennifer L Kwan Susanne Kluh William K Reisen
author_facet	Jennifer L Kwan Susanne Kluh William K Reisen
author_sort	Jennifer L Kwan
title	Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
title_short	Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
title_full	Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
title_fullStr	Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
title_full_unstemmed	Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.
title_sort	antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of west nile virus to humans.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/4608022f0a0c447cac769dffb9c7f911
work_keys_str_mv	AT jenniferlkwan antecedentavianimmunitylimitstangentialtransmissionofwestnilevirustohumans AT susannekluh antecedentavianimmunitylimitstangentialtransmissionofwestnilevirustohumans AT williamkreisen antecedentavianimmunitylimitstangentialtransmissionofwestnilevirustohumans
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Antecedent avian immunity limits tangential transmission of West Nile virus to humans.

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