Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness

Linghong Zhou,1 Jane A Foster1,2 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 2Brain-Body Institute, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada Abstract: The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganism...

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Autores principales:	Zhou L, Foster JA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2015
Materias:	Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4615945989a4450fb9f42f1db9c3d853
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4615945989a4450fb9f42f1db9c3d8532021-12-02T00:17:32ZPsychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness1178-2021https://doaj.org/article/4615945989a4450fb9f42f1db9c3d8532015-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/psychobiotics-and-the-gutndashbrain-axis-in-the-pursuit-of-happiness-peer-reviewed-article-NDThttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2021 Linghong Zhou,1 Jane A Foster1,2 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 2Brain-Body Institute, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada Abstract: The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganisms, estimated at more than 1014 gut microbiota and composed of over a thousand species. An individual’s profile of microbiota is continually influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to genetics, age, sex, diet, and lifestyle. Although each person’s microbial profile is distinct, the relative abundance and distribution of bacterial species is similar among healthy individuals, aiding in the maintenance of one’s overall health. Consequently, the ability of gut microbiota to bidirectionally communicate with the brain, known as the gut–brain axis, in the modulation of human health is at the forefront of current research. At a basic level, the gut microbiota interacts with the human host in a mutualistic relationship – the host intestine provides the bacteria with an environment to grow and the bacterium aids in governing homeostasis within the host. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the lack of healthy gut microbiota may also lead to a deterioration of these relationships and ultimately disease. Indeed, a dysfunction in the gut–brain axis has been elucidated by a multitude of studies linked to neuropsychological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders. For instance, altered microbiota has been linked to neuropsychological disorders including depression and autism spectrum disorder, metabolic disorders such as obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fortunately, studies have also indicated that gut microbiota may be modulated with the use of probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants as a prospect for therapy in microbiota-associated diseases. This modulation of gut microbiota is currently a growing area of research as it just might hold the key to treatment. Keywords: gut microbiota, mental illness, disease, modulation, therapy, probioticsZhou LFoster JADove Medical PressarticleNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571Neurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Vol 2015, Iss default, Pp 715-723 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Zhou L Foster JA Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
description	Linghong Zhou,1 Jane A Foster1,2 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 2Brain-Body Institute, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada Abstract: The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganisms, estimated at more than 1014 gut microbiota and composed of over a thousand species. An individual’s profile of microbiota is continually influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to genetics, age, sex, diet, and lifestyle. Although each person’s microbial profile is distinct, the relative abundance and distribution of bacterial species is similar among healthy individuals, aiding in the maintenance of one’s overall health. Consequently, the ability of gut microbiota to bidirectionally communicate with the brain, known as the gut–brain axis, in the modulation of human health is at the forefront of current research. At a basic level, the gut microbiota interacts with the human host in a mutualistic relationship – the host intestine provides the bacteria with an environment to grow and the bacterium aids in governing homeostasis within the host. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the lack of healthy gut microbiota may also lead to a deterioration of these relationships and ultimately disease. Indeed, a dysfunction in the gut–brain axis has been elucidated by a multitude of studies linked to neuropsychological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders. For instance, altered microbiota has been linked to neuropsychological disorders including depression and autism spectrum disorder, metabolic disorders such as obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fortunately, studies have also indicated that gut microbiota may be modulated with the use of probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants as a prospect for therapy in microbiota-associated diseases. This modulation of gut microbiota is currently a growing area of research as it just might hold the key to treatment. Keywords: gut microbiota, mental illness, disease, modulation, therapy, probiotics
format	article
author	Zhou L Foster JA
author_facet	Zhou L Foster JA
author_sort	Zhou L
title	Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
title_short	Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
title_full	Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
title_fullStr	Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
title_full_unstemmed	Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
title_sort	psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/4615945989a4450fb9f42f1db9c3d853
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhoul psychobioticsandthegutndashbrainaxisinthepursuitofhappiness AT fosterja psychobioticsandthegutndashbrainaxisinthepursuitofhappiness
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Psychobiotics and the gut&ndash;brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness

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Psychobiotics and the gut–brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness