The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health

Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against su...

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Autores principales:	Ameena A. Al-Surhanee, Muhammad Afzal, Nahla Alsayed Bouqellah, Salama A. Ouf, Sajid Muhammad, Mehmood Jan, Sidra Kaleem, Mohamed Hashem, Saad Alamri, Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef, Omar M. Ali, Mona H. Soliman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> nanoparticles plant defense chitosan antioxidants Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/46577704db424852a54a7559010031f5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:46577704db424852a54a7559010031f52021-11-25T18:44:47ZThe Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health10.3390/plants101122832223-7747https://doaj.org/article/46577704db424852a54a7559010031f52021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2283https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against such infestations; however, it is unclear whether any exogenous material can help plants against infestation. Therefore, we performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the impacts of <i>R. solani</i> on 15- and 30-day old tomato plants after fungal infestation, and estimated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles (NPs) against the pathogen. We observed severe pathogenic impacts on the above-ground tissues of tomato plants which would affect plant physiology and crop production. Pathogenic infection reduced total chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, which subsequently disturbed plant physiology. Further, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in pathogen treatments. Constitutively, enhanced activities were estimated for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)in pathogen-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related genes, namely, chitinase, plant glutathione S-transferase (<i>GST</i>), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (<i>PAL1</i>), <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR12</i>), and <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR1</i>) were evaluated, with significant differences between treated and control plants. In vitro and greenhouse antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), chitosan nanoparticles, and Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites and plant health was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. We found astonishing results, namely, that Ag and CHI have antifungal activities against <i>R. solani</i>. Overall, plant health was much improved following treatment with Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites. In order to manage <i>R. solani</i> pathogenicity and improve tomato health, Ag/CHI NPs composites could be used infield as well as on commercial levels based on recommendations. However, there is an urgent need to first evaluate whether these NP composites have any secondary impacts on human health or the environment.Ameena A. Al-SurhaneeMuhammad AfzalNahla Alsayed BouqellahSalama A. OufSajid MuhammadMehmood JanSidra KaleemMohamed HashemSaad AlamriArafat Abdel Hamed Abdel LatefOmar M. AliMona H. SolimanMDPI AGarticle<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>nanoparticlesplant defensechitosanantioxidantsBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2283, p 2283 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> nanoparticles plant defense chitosan antioxidants Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> nanoparticles plant defense chitosan antioxidants Botany QK1-989 Ameena A. Al-Surhanee Muhammad Afzal Nahla Alsayed Bouqellah Salama A. Ouf Sajid Muhammad Mehmood Jan Sidra Kaleem Mohamed Hashem Saad Alamri Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef Omar M. Ali Mona H. Soliman The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
description	Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against such infestations; however, it is unclear whether any exogenous material can help plants against infestation. Therefore, we performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the impacts of <i>R. solani</i> on 15- and 30-day old tomato plants after fungal infestation, and estimated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles (NPs) against the pathogen. We observed severe pathogenic impacts on the above-ground tissues of tomato plants which would affect plant physiology and crop production. Pathogenic infection reduced total chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, which subsequently disturbed plant physiology. Further, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in pathogen treatments. Constitutively, enhanced activities were estimated for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)in pathogen-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related genes, namely, chitinase, plant glutathione S-transferase (<i>GST</i>), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (<i>PAL1</i>), <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR12</i>), and <i>pathogenesis-related protein</i> (<i>PR1</i>) were evaluated, with significant differences between treated and control plants. In vitro and greenhouse antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), chitosan nanoparticles, and Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites and plant health was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. We found astonishing results, namely, that Ag and CHI have antifungal activities against <i>R. solani</i>. Overall, plant health was much improved following treatment with Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites. In order to manage <i>R. solani</i> pathogenicity and improve tomato health, Ag/CHI NPs composites could be used infield as well as on commercial levels based on recommendations. However, there is an urgent need to first evaluate whether these NP composites have any secondary impacts on human health or the environment.
format	article
author	Ameena A. Al-Surhanee Muhammad Afzal Nahla Alsayed Bouqellah Salama A. Ouf Sajid Muhammad Mehmood Jan Sidra Kaleem Mohamed Hashem Saad Alamri Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef Omar M. Ali Mona H. Soliman
author_facet	Ameena A. Al-Surhanee Muhammad Afzal Nahla Alsayed Bouqellah Salama A. Ouf Sajid Muhammad Mehmood Jan Sidra Kaleem Mohamed Hashem Saad Alamri Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef Omar M. Ali Mona H. Soliman
author_sort	Ameena A. Al-Surhanee
title	The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
title_short	The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
title_full	The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
title_fullStr	The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
title_full_unstemmed	The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health
title_sort	antifungal activity of ag/chi nps against <i>rhizoctonia solani</i> linked with tomato plant health
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/46577704db424852a54a7559010031f5
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The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Linked with Tomato Plant Health

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