Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment

Abstract During the pandemic, the extent of subsequent mental health strains is an important issue. A representative face-to-face survey was conducted to assess mental health consequences in the general population and to identify mental health risk factors. In a representative German sample (N = 2,5...

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Autores principales:	Manfred E. Beutel, Nora Hettich, Mareike Ernst, Gabriele Schmutzer, Ana N. Tibubos, Elmar Braehler
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/46d7c2533b2b40349b00cb272fa6031a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:46d7c2533b2b40349b00cb272fa6031a2021-12-02T16:26:38ZMental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment10.1038/s41598-021-94434-82045-2322https://doaj.org/article/46d7c2533b2b40349b00cb272fa6031a2021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94434-8https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract During the pandemic, the extent of subsequent mental health strains is an important issue. A representative face-to-face survey was conducted to assess mental health consequences in the general population and to identify mental health risk factors. In a representative German sample (N = 2,503), we assessed depression and anxiety symptoms by the PHQ-4 and loneliness by a validated item. An earlier survey (2018) which used the same methods and had comparable response rates served as comparison. Scores of depression and anxiety symptoms increased from an average of 0.89 (SD = 1.21) and 0.77 (SD = 1.17) in 2018 to 1.14 (SD = 1.23) and 1.05 (SD = 1.31) in 2020. Loneliness did not increase (M = 1.35, SD = 0.68 in 2018; M = 1.38, SD = 0.78 in 2020), affecting about one in four participants to some degree. Younger participants and women were most likely to report depression, anxiety, and loneliness. As in the previous survey, social inequality factors contributed to distress and loneliness. The small overall increase of distress was consistent with recent German panel studies. In future studies and mental health interventions female sex, younger age, and socioeconomic disparities need to be considered as vulnerability factors for distress.Manfred E. BeutelNora HettichMareike ErnstGabriele SchmutzerAna N. TibubosElmar BraehlerNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Manfred E. Beutel Nora Hettich Mareike Ernst Gabriele Schmutzer Ana N. Tibubos Elmar Braehler Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
description	Abstract During the pandemic, the extent of subsequent mental health strains is an important issue. A representative face-to-face survey was conducted to assess mental health consequences in the general population and to identify mental health risk factors. In a representative German sample (N = 2,503), we assessed depression and anxiety symptoms by the PHQ-4 and loneliness by a validated item. An earlier survey (2018) which used the same methods and had comparable response rates served as comparison. Scores of depression and anxiety symptoms increased from an average of 0.89 (SD = 1.21) and 0.77 (SD = 1.17) in 2018 to 1.14 (SD = 1.23) and 1.05 (SD = 1.31) in 2020. Loneliness did not increase (M = 1.35, SD = 0.68 in 2018; M = 1.38, SD = 0.78 in 2020), affecting about one in four participants to some degree. Younger participants and women were most likely to report depression, anxiety, and loneliness. As in the previous survey, social inequality factors contributed to distress and loneliness. The small overall increase of distress was consistent with recent German panel studies. In future studies and mental health interventions female sex, younger age, and socioeconomic disparities need to be considered as vulnerability factors for distress.
format	article
author	Manfred E. Beutel Nora Hettich Mareike Ernst Gabriele Schmutzer Ana N. Tibubos Elmar Braehler
author_facet	Manfred E. Beutel Nora Hettich Mareike Ernst Gabriele Schmutzer Ana N. Tibubos Elmar Braehler
author_sort	Manfred E. Beutel
title	Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
title_short	Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
title_full	Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
title_fullStr	Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
title_full_unstemmed	Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
title_sort	mental health and loneliness in the german general population during the covid-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/46d7c2533b2b40349b00cb272fa6031a
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Mental health and loneliness in the German general population during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to a representative pre-pandemic assessment

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