Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review

This review explores ways that cover crops alter soil environmental conditions that can be used to decrease seed survival, maintain weed seed dormancy, and reduce germination cues, thus reducing above-ground weed pressures. Cover crops are grown between cash crops in rotation, and their residues pe...

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Autores principales:	Cynthia Sias, Bethany R. Wolters, Mark S. Reiter, Michael L. Flessner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PAGEPress Publications 2021
Materias:	Soil seed bank integrated weed management sustainability germination seed dormancy. Agriculture S Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/471de2f695244b20bccbf0fad9533477
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:471de2f695244b20bccbf0fad95334772021-11-23T08:14:40ZCover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review10.4081/ija.2021.18521125-47182039-6805https://doaj.org/article/471de2f695244b20bccbf0fad95334772021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.agronomy.it/index.php/agro/article/view/1852https://doaj.org/toc/1125-4718https://doaj.org/toc/2039-6805 This review explores ways that cover crops alter soil environmental conditions that can be used to decrease seed survival, maintain weed seed dormancy, and reduce germination cues, thus reducing above-ground weed pressures. Cover crops are grown between cash crops in rotation, and their residues persist into subsequent crops, impacting weed seeds both during and after cover crops’ growth. Compared to no cover crop, cover crops may reduce weed seedling recruitment and density via: i) reducing soil temperature and fluctuations thereof; ii) reducing light availability and altering light quality; and iii) trapping nitrogen in the cover crop, thus making it less soil-available to weeds. In addition, cover crops may provide habitat for above- and below-ground fauna, resulting in increased weed seed predation. The allelopathic nature of some cover crops can also suppress weeds. However, not all effects of cover crops discourage weeds, such as potentially increasing soil oxygen. Furthermore, cover crops can reduce soil moisture while actively growing but conserve soil moisture after termination, resulting in time-dependent effects. Similarly, decaying legume cover crops can release nitrogen into the soil, potentially aiding weeds. The multiplicity of cover crop species and mixtures, differing responses between weed species, environmental conditions, and other factors hampers uniform recommendations and complicates management for producers. But, cover crops that are managed to maximize biomass, do not increase soil nitrogen, and are terminated at or after cash crop planting will have the greatest potential to attenuate the weed seed bank. There are still many questions to be answered, such as if targeting management efforts at the weed seed bank level is agronomically worthwhile. Future research on cover crops and weed management should include measurements of soil seed banks, including dormancy status, predation levels, and germination. Highlights - Cover crops alter the weed seed bank environment, influencing survival, dormancy, and germination. - Weed seed germination may be reduced by decreased temperature and fluctuations thereof, light, and soil nitrogen. - Weed seed germination may be increased by greater soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and oxygen. - Management should maximize cover crop biomass, decrease soil nitrogen, and delay termination for the greatest potential. - Future research should include measurements of weed seed banks, including dormancy status, predation, and germination. Cynthia SiasBethany R. WoltersMark S. ReiterMichael L. FlessnerPAGEPress PublicationsarticleSoil seed bankintegrated weed managementsustainabilitygerminationseed dormancy.AgricultureSPlant cultureSB1-1110ENItalian Journal of Agronomy, Vol 16, Iss 4 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Soil seed bank integrated weed management sustainability germination seed dormancy. Agriculture S Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	Soil seed bank integrated weed management sustainability germination seed dormancy. Agriculture S Plant culture SB1-1110 Cynthia Sias Bethany R. Wolters Mark S. Reiter Michael L. Flessner Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
description	This review explores ways that cover crops alter soil environmental conditions that can be used to decrease seed survival, maintain weed seed dormancy, and reduce germination cues, thus reducing above-ground weed pressures. Cover crops are grown between cash crops in rotation, and their residues persist into subsequent crops, impacting weed seeds both during and after cover crops’ growth. Compared to no cover crop, cover crops may reduce weed seedling recruitment and density via: i) reducing soil temperature and fluctuations thereof; ii) reducing light availability and altering light quality; and iii) trapping nitrogen in the cover crop, thus making it less soil-available to weeds. In addition, cover crops may provide habitat for above- and below-ground fauna, resulting in increased weed seed predation. The allelopathic nature of some cover crops can also suppress weeds. However, not all effects of cover crops discourage weeds, such as potentially increasing soil oxygen. Furthermore, cover crops can reduce soil moisture while actively growing but conserve soil moisture after termination, resulting in time-dependent effects. Similarly, decaying legume cover crops can release nitrogen into the soil, potentially aiding weeds. The multiplicity of cover crop species and mixtures, differing responses between weed species, environmental conditions, and other factors hampers uniform recommendations and complicates management for producers. But, cover crops that are managed to maximize biomass, do not increase soil nitrogen, and are terminated at or after cash crop planting will have the greatest potential to attenuate the weed seed bank. There are still many questions to be answered, such as if targeting management efforts at the weed seed bank level is agronomically worthwhile. Future research on cover crops and weed management should include measurements of soil seed banks, including dormancy status, predation levels, and germination. Highlights - Cover crops alter the weed seed bank environment, influencing survival, dormancy, and germination. - Weed seed germination may be reduced by decreased temperature and fluctuations thereof, light, and soil nitrogen. - Weed seed germination may be increased by greater soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and oxygen. - Management should maximize cover crop biomass, decrease soil nitrogen, and delay termination for the greatest potential. - Future research should include measurements of weed seed banks, including dormancy status, predation, and germination.
format	article
author	Cynthia Sias Bethany R. Wolters Mark S. Reiter Michael L. Flessner
author_facet	Cynthia Sias Bethany R. Wolters Mark S. Reiter Michael L. Flessner
author_sort	Cynthia Sias
title	Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
title_short	Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
title_full	Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
title_fullStr	Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
title_full_unstemmed	Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review
title_sort	cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: a soil down review
publisher	PAGEPress Publications
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/471de2f695244b20bccbf0fad9533477
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Cover crops as a weed seed bank management tool: A soil down review

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