Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases

Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are m...

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Autores principales:	Lauren Elizabeth Millichap, Elisabetta Damiani, Luca Tiano, Iain P. Hargreaves
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	mitochondrial dysfunction oxidative stress neurodegeneration Parkinson’s disease methylmalonic acidaemia lysosomal storage disorders Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/474a3678199e45d7a2486fbb75481910
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:474a3678199e45d7a2486fbb754819102021-11-11T16:54:38ZTargetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases10.3390/ijms2221114441422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/474a3678199e45d7a2486fbb754819102021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11444https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are major sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species and are vulnerable targets for oxidative stress-induced damage. The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand and low antioxidant defence systems, therefore minimal imbalances in the redox state can result in an oxidative environment that favours tissue damage and activates neuroinflammatory processes. Mitochondrial-associated molecular pathways are often compromised in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, including the parkin/PINK1, Nrf2, PGC1α, and PPARγ pathways. Impairments to these signalling pathways consequently effect the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, which has been suggested as contributing to the development of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction prevention has become an attractive therapeutic target, and there are several molecular pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to remove damaged mitochondria by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the brain, in order to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent the development and progression of neurodegeneration in these disorders. Compounds such as natural polyphenolic compounds, bioactive quinones, and Nrf2 activators have been reported in the literature as novel therapeutic candidates capable of targeting defective mitochondrial pathways in order to improve mitochondrial function and reduce the severity of neurodegeneration in these disorders.Lauren Elizabeth MillichapElisabetta DamianiLuca TianoIain P. HargreavesMDPI AGarticlemitochondrial dysfunctionoxidative stressneurodegenerationParkinson’s diseasemethylmalonic acidaemialysosomal storage disordersBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 11444, p 11444 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mitochondrial dysfunction oxidative stress neurodegeneration Parkinson’s disease methylmalonic acidaemia lysosomal storage disorders Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	mitochondrial dysfunction oxidative stress neurodegeneration Parkinson’s disease methylmalonic acidaemia lysosomal storage disorders Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Lauren Elizabeth Millichap Elisabetta Damiani Luca Tiano Iain P. Hargreaves Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
description	Many neurodegenerative and inherited metabolic diseases frequently compromise nervous system function, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated as key events leading to neurodegeneration. Mitochondria are essential for neuronal function; however, these organelles are major sources of endogenous reactive oxygen species and are vulnerable targets for oxidative stress-induced damage. The brain is very susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand and low antioxidant defence systems, therefore minimal imbalances in the redox state can result in an oxidative environment that favours tissue damage and activates neuroinflammatory processes. Mitochondrial-associated molecular pathways are often compromised in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, including the parkin/PINK1, Nrf2, PGC1α, and PPARγ pathways. Impairments to these signalling pathways consequently effect the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, which has been suggested as contributing to the development of neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction prevention has become an attractive therapeutic target, and there are several molecular pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to remove damaged mitochondria by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis or mitophagy, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the brain, in order to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent the development and progression of neurodegeneration in these disorders. Compounds such as natural polyphenolic compounds, bioactive quinones, and Nrf2 activators have been reported in the literature as novel therapeutic candidates capable of targeting defective mitochondrial pathways in order to improve mitochondrial function and reduce the severity of neurodegeneration in these disorders.
format	article
author	Lauren Elizabeth Millichap Elisabetta Damiani Luca Tiano Iain P. Hargreaves
author_facet	Lauren Elizabeth Millichap Elisabetta Damiani Luca Tiano Iain P. Hargreaves
author_sort	Lauren Elizabeth Millichap
title	Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
title_short	Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
title_full	Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
title_fullStr	Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
title_full_unstemmed	Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases
title_sort	targetable pathways for alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration of metabolic and non-metabolic diseases
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/474a3678199e45d7a2486fbb75481910
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Targetable Pathways for Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration of Metabolic and Non-Metabolic Diseases

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