The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms

Abstract Previous research has shown that emotions can alter our sense of ownership. Whether this relationship is modulated by differences in emotion experience and awareness, however, remains unclear. We investigated this by comparing the susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion (RHI) between par...

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Autores principales:	Franziska A. Schroter, Bianca A. Günther, Petra Jansen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/475df2520f8f4fbcba170aad0b9796ef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:475df2520f8f4fbcba170aad0b9796ef2021-11-21T12:23:46ZThe effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms10.1038/s41598-021-01039-22045-2322https://doaj.org/article/475df2520f8f4fbcba170aad0b9796ef2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01039-2https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Previous research has shown that emotions can alter our sense of ownership. Whether this relationship is modulated by differences in emotion experience and awareness, however, remains unclear. We investigated this by comparing the susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion (RHI) between participants who were either exposed to a low-arousing emotion induction (sadness) or placed in a neutral control group. Several factors that might influence this relationship were considered: dissociative symptoms were included to observe if a sadness induction led to a higher RHI score in participants scoring high in dissociation, as a result of detached emotion experience. Whether the level of awareness of the emotion mattered was also tested, as subliminal processing was shown to require less focal attention. Therefore, our sample (N = 122) was divided into three experimental groups: Sad pictures were presented to two of the three groups differing in presentation mode (subliminal: n = 40, supraliminal: n = 41), neutral pictures were presented supraliminally to the control group (n = 41). Additionally, the effects of slow (3 cm/s) and fast (30 cm/s) stroking, applied either synchronously or asynchronously, were examined as the comforting effects of stroking might interfere with the emotion induction. Results showed that the supraliminal sadness induction was associated with a stronger subjective illusion, but not with a higher proprioceptive drift compared to the subliminal induction. In addition, a stronger subjective illusion after fast and synchronous stroking was found compared to slow and asynchronous stroking. A significant proprioceptive drift was detected independent of group and stroking style. Both slow and synchronous stroking were perceived as more comforting than their respective counterparts. Participants with higher dissociative symptoms were more susceptible to the subjective illusion, especially in the supraliminal group in the synchronous condition. We concluded that individual differences in emotion experience are likely to play a role in body ownership. However, we cannot clarify at this stage whether differences in proprioception and the subjective illusion depend on the type of emotion experienced (e.g. different levels of arousal) and on concomitant changes in multisensory integration processes.Franziska A. SchroterBianca A. GüntherPetra JansenNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Franziska A. Schroter Bianca A. Günther Petra Jansen The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
description	Abstract Previous research has shown that emotions can alter our sense of ownership. Whether this relationship is modulated by differences in emotion experience and awareness, however, remains unclear. We investigated this by comparing the susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion (RHI) between participants who were either exposed to a low-arousing emotion induction (sadness) or placed in a neutral control group. Several factors that might influence this relationship were considered: dissociative symptoms were included to observe if a sadness induction led to a higher RHI score in participants scoring high in dissociation, as a result of detached emotion experience. Whether the level of awareness of the emotion mattered was also tested, as subliminal processing was shown to require less focal attention. Therefore, our sample (N = 122) was divided into three experimental groups: Sad pictures were presented to two of the three groups differing in presentation mode (subliminal: n = 40, supraliminal: n = 41), neutral pictures were presented supraliminally to the control group (n = 41). Additionally, the effects of slow (3 cm/s) and fast (30 cm/s) stroking, applied either synchronously or asynchronously, were examined as the comforting effects of stroking might interfere with the emotion induction. Results showed that the supraliminal sadness induction was associated with a stronger subjective illusion, but not with a higher proprioceptive drift compared to the subliminal induction. In addition, a stronger subjective illusion after fast and synchronous stroking was found compared to slow and asynchronous stroking. A significant proprioceptive drift was detected independent of group and stroking style. Both slow and synchronous stroking were perceived as more comforting than their respective counterparts. Participants with higher dissociative symptoms were more susceptible to the subjective illusion, especially in the supraliminal group in the synchronous condition. We concluded that individual differences in emotion experience are likely to play a role in body ownership. However, we cannot clarify at this stage whether differences in proprioception and the subjective illusion depend on the type of emotion experienced (e.g. different levels of arousal) and on concomitant changes in multisensory integration processes.
format	article
author	Franziska A. Schroter Bianca A. Günther Petra Jansen
author_facet	Franziska A. Schroter Bianca A. Günther Petra Jansen
author_sort	Franziska A. Schroter
title	The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
title_short	The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
title_full	The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
title_fullStr	The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
title_full_unstemmed	The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
title_sort	effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/475df2520f8f4fbcba170aad0b9796ef
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The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms

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