Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment

Yangon was one of the first cities in Asia to establish a tap water system. However, the city's water supply infrastructure now lags far behind those of other regions as a consequence of political instability over the last six decades. The installation of disinfection facilities in the tap wate...

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Autores principales:	Shane Htet Ko, Hiroshi Sakai
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	ceramic purifier chlorine coliform escherichia coli reverse osmosis Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/47653867552e445091788f851a5e7bfb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:47653867552e445091788f851a5e7bfb2021-11-06T03:51:18ZEvaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment2709-80442709-805210.2166/wqrj.2021.006https://doaj.org/article/47653867552e445091788f851a5e7bfb2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttp://wqrjc.iwaponline.com/content/56/3/155https://doaj.org/toc/2709-8044https://doaj.org/toc/2709-8052Yangon was one of the first cities in Asia to establish a tap water system. However, the city's water supply infrastructure now lags far behind those of other regions as a consequence of political instability over the last six decades. The installation of disinfection facilities in the tap water system and the enactment of the Myanmar National Drinking Water Quality Standard (MNDWQS) were accomplished only recently during the short period of democratic government. Due to the lack of reliable published information, the suitability of the tap water for drinking remains unclear to city residents. The quality of tap water and bottled water in the central business district was examined to assess compliance with the MNDWQS. The results showed that 95% of tap water delivered to homes was contaminated with Escherichia coli or coliform bacteria. Only 14% of bottled water was free of E. coli and coliform contamination. The efficacy of household treatment devices was tested, and ceramic purifiers (CPs) and reverse osmosis (RO) devices were found to be highly (>99%) effective for E. coli elimination. RO devices performed better in terms of dissolved organic carbon reduction at 60% compared with 43% reduction with CPs. HIGHLIGHTS This study was conducted in a developing country with a 178-year-old public tap water system.; The failure to meet the minimum effective concentration of chlorine led to microbial contamination of tap water.; The quality of bottled water did not meet national standards.;Shane Htet KoHiroshi SakaiIWA Publishingarticleceramic purifierchlorinecoliformescherichia colireverse osmosisEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENWater Quality Research Journal, Vol 56, Iss 3, Pp 155-166 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ceramic purifier chlorine coliform escherichia coli reverse osmosis Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	ceramic purifier chlorine coliform escherichia coli reverse osmosis Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Shane Htet Ko Hiroshi Sakai Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
description	Yangon was one of the first cities in Asia to establish a tap water system. However, the city's water supply infrastructure now lags far behind those of other regions as a consequence of political instability over the last six decades. The installation of disinfection facilities in the tap water system and the enactment of the Myanmar National Drinking Water Quality Standard (MNDWQS) were accomplished only recently during the short period of democratic government. Due to the lack of reliable published information, the suitability of the tap water for drinking remains unclear to city residents. The quality of tap water and bottled water in the central business district was examined to assess compliance with the MNDWQS. The results showed that 95% of tap water delivered to homes was contaminated with Escherichia coli or coliform bacteria. Only 14% of bottled water was free of E. coli and coliform contamination. The efficacy of household treatment devices was tested, and ceramic purifiers (CPs) and reverse osmosis (RO) devices were found to be highly (>99%) effective for E. coli elimination. RO devices performed better in terms of dissolved organic carbon reduction at 60% compared with 43% reduction with CPs. HIGHLIGHTS This study was conducted in a developing country with a 178-year-old public tap water system.; The failure to meet the minimum effective concentration of chlorine led to microbial contamination of tap water.; The quality of bottled water did not meet national standards.;
format	article
author	Shane Htet Ko Hiroshi Sakai
author_facet	Shane Htet Ko Hiroshi Sakai
author_sort	Shane Htet Ko
title	Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
title_short	Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
title_full	Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
title_fullStr	Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
title_sort	evaluation of yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/47653867552e445091788f851a5e7bfb
work_keys_str_mv	AT shanehtetko evaluationofyangoncitytapwaterqualityandtheefficacyofhouseholdtreatment AT hiroshisakai evaluationofyangoncitytapwaterqualityandtheefficacyofhouseholdtreatment
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Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment

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