Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes

ABSTRACT Human beings have used large amounts of antibiotics, not only in medical contexts but also, for example, as growth factors in agriculture and livestock, resulting in the contamination of the environment. Even when pathogenic bacteria are the targets of antibiotics, hundreds of nonpathogenic...

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Autores principales:	Pedro Escudeiro, Joël Pothier, Francisco Dionisio, Teresa Nogueira
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2019
Materias:	antibiotic resistance cooccurrence human gut metagenomics microbiome virulence Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4809057e61304378b70c09f99402cc9e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4809057e61304378b70c09f99402cc9e2021-11-15T15:22:20ZAntibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes10.1128/mSphere.00135-192379-5042https://doaj.org/article/4809057e61304378b70c09f99402cc9e2019-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00135-19https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Human beings have used large amounts of antibiotics, not only in medical contexts but also, for example, as growth factors in agriculture and livestock, resulting in the contamination of the environment. Even when pathogenic bacteria are the targets of antibiotics, hundreds of nonpathogenic bacterial species are affected as well. Therefore, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria have gradually become resistant to antibiotics. We tested whether there is still cooccurrence of resistance and virulence determinants. We performed a comparative study of environmental and human gut metagenomes from different individuals and from distinct human populations across the world. We found a great diversity of antibiotic resistance determinants (AR diversity [ARd]) and virulence factors (VF diversity [VFd]) in metagenomes. Importantly there is a correlation between ARd and VFd, even after correcting for protein family richness. In the human gut, there are less ARd and VFd than in more diversified environments, and yet correlations between the ARd and VFd are stronger. They can vary from very high in Malawi, where antibiotic consumption is unattended, to nonexistent in the uncontacted Amerindian population. We conclude that there is cooccurrence of resistance and virulence determinants in human gut microbiomes, suggesting a possible coselective mechanism. IMPORTANCE Every year, thousands of tons of antibiotics are used, not only in human and animal health but also as growth promoters in livestock. Consequently, during the last 75 years, antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains have been selected in human and environmental microbial communities. This implies that, even when pathogenic bacteria are the targets of antibiotics, hundreds of nonpathogenic bacterial species are also affected. Here, we performed a comparative study of environmental and human gut microbial communities issuing from different individuals and from distinct human populations across the world. We found that antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity are correlated and speculate that, by selecting for resistant bacteria, we may be selecting for more virulent strains as a side effect of antimicrobial therapy.Pedro EscudeiroJoël PothierFrancisco DionisioTeresa NogueiraAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleantibiotic resistancecooccurrencehuman gutmetagenomicsmicrobiomevirulenceMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 4, Iss 3 (2019)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibiotic resistance cooccurrence human gut metagenomics microbiome virulence Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	antibiotic resistance cooccurrence human gut metagenomics microbiome virulence Microbiology QR1-502 Pedro Escudeiro Joël Pothier Francisco Dionisio Teresa Nogueira Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
description	ABSTRACT Human beings have used large amounts of antibiotics, not only in medical contexts but also, for example, as growth factors in agriculture and livestock, resulting in the contamination of the environment. Even when pathogenic bacteria are the targets of antibiotics, hundreds of nonpathogenic bacterial species are affected as well. Therefore, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria have gradually become resistant to antibiotics. We tested whether there is still cooccurrence of resistance and virulence determinants. We performed a comparative study of environmental and human gut metagenomes from different individuals and from distinct human populations across the world. We found a great diversity of antibiotic resistance determinants (AR diversity [ARd]) and virulence factors (VF diversity [VFd]) in metagenomes. Importantly there is a correlation between ARd and VFd, even after correcting for protein family richness. In the human gut, there are less ARd and VFd than in more diversified environments, and yet correlations between the ARd and VFd are stronger. They can vary from very high in Malawi, where antibiotic consumption is unattended, to nonexistent in the uncontacted Amerindian population. We conclude that there is cooccurrence of resistance and virulence determinants in human gut microbiomes, suggesting a possible coselective mechanism. IMPORTANCE Every year, thousands of tons of antibiotics are used, not only in human and animal health but also as growth promoters in livestock. Consequently, during the last 75 years, antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains have been selected in human and environmental microbial communities. This implies that, even when pathogenic bacteria are the targets of antibiotics, hundreds of nonpathogenic bacterial species are also affected. Here, we performed a comparative study of environmental and human gut microbial communities issuing from different individuals and from distinct human populations across the world. We found that antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity are correlated and speculate that, by selecting for resistant bacteria, we may be selecting for more virulent strains as a side effect of antimicrobial therapy.
format	article
author	Pedro Escudeiro Joël Pothier Francisco Dionisio Teresa Nogueira
author_facet	Pedro Escudeiro Joël Pothier Francisco Dionisio Teresa Nogueira
author_sort	Pedro Escudeiro
title	Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
title_short	Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
title_full	Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
title_fullStr	Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
title_full_unstemmed	Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes
title_sort	antibiotic resistance gene diversity and virulence gene diversity are correlated in human gut and environmental microbiomes
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2019
url	https://doaj.org/article/4809057e61304378b70c09f99402cc9e
work_keys_str_mv	AT pedroescudeiro antibioticresistancegenediversityandvirulencegenediversityarecorrelatedinhumangutandenvironmentalmicrobiomes AT joelpothier antibioticresistancegenediversityandvirulencegenediversityarecorrelatedinhumangutandenvironmentalmicrobiomes AT franciscodionisio antibioticresistancegenediversityandvirulencegenediversityarecorrelatedinhumangutandenvironmentalmicrobiomes AT teresanogueira antibioticresistancegenediversityandvirulencegenediversityarecorrelatedinhumangutandenvironmentalmicrobiomes
_version_	1718428005472141312

Antibiotic Resistance Gene Diversity and Virulence Gene Diversity Are Correlated in Human Gut and Environmental Microbiomes

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