Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm

ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a “cytokine storm.” Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in...

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Autores principales:	Patrick Younan, Mathieu Iampietro, Andrew Nishida, Palaniappan Ramanathan, Rodrigo I. Santos, Mukta Dutta, Ndongala Michel Lubaki, Richard A. Koup, Michael G. Katze, Alexander Bukreyev
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2017
Materias:	cytokine storm T lymphocytes transcriptome cytokines Ebola virus viral pathogenesis Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/48b879ffa3974e9c88d3f79502e915e8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:48b879ffa3974e9c88d3f79502e915e82021-11-15T15:51:50ZEbola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm10.1128/mBio.00845-172150-7511https://doaj.org/article/48b879ffa3974e9c88d3f79502e915e82017-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00845-17https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a “cytokine storm.” Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1−/− mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1−/− mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine–Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD. IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1–phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1–phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and “immune paralysis.”Patrick YounanMathieu IampietroAndrew NishidaPalaniappan RamanathanRodrigo I. SantosMukta DuttaNdongala Michel LubakiRichard A. KoupMichael G. KatzeAlexander BukreyevAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticlecytokine stormT lymphocytestranscriptomecytokinesEbola virusviral pathogenesisMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 8, Iss 5 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cytokine storm T lymphocytes transcriptome cytokines Ebola virus viral pathogenesis Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	cytokine storm T lymphocytes transcriptome cytokines Ebola virus viral pathogenesis Microbiology QR1-502 Patrick Younan Mathieu Iampietro Andrew Nishida Palaniappan Ramanathan Rodrigo I. Santos Mukta Dutta Ndongala Michel Lubaki Richard A. Koup Michael G. Katze Alexander Bukreyev Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
description	ABSTRACT Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a “cytokine storm.” Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1−/− mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1−/− mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine–Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD. IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1–phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1–phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and “immune paralysis.”
format	article
author	Patrick Younan Mathieu Iampietro Andrew Nishida Palaniappan Ramanathan Rodrigo I. Santos Mukta Dutta Ndongala Michel Lubaki Richard A. Koup Michael G. Katze Alexander Bukreyev
author_facet	Patrick Younan Mathieu Iampietro Andrew Nishida Palaniappan Ramanathan Rodrigo I. Santos Mukta Dutta Ndongala Michel Lubaki Richard A. Koup Michael G. Katze Alexander Bukreyev
author_sort	Patrick Younan
title	Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
title_short	Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
title_full	Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
title_fullStr	Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
title_full_unstemmed	Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm
title_sort	ebola virus binding to tim-1 on t lymphocytes induces a cytokine storm
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/48b879ffa3974e9c88d3f79502e915e8
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Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm

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