Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice

Abstract Optogenetics presents an alternative method for interfacing with the nervous system over the gold-standard of electrical stimulation. While electrical stimulation requires electrodes to be surgically embedded in tissue for in vivo studies, optical stimulation offers a less-invasive approach...

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Autores principales:	Nicholas Fritz, Daniel Gulick, Mark Bailly, Jennifer M. Blain Christen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/4922f91b68b9475f87bd619016559d58
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:4922f91b68b9475f87bd619016559d582021-11-21T12:17:55ZModeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice10.1038/s41598-021-01353-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/4922f91b68b9475f87bd619016559d582021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01353-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Optogenetics presents an alternative method for interfacing with the nervous system over the gold-standard of electrical stimulation. While electrical stimulation requires electrodes to be surgically embedded in tissue for in vivo studies, optical stimulation offers a less-invasive approach that may yield more specific, localized stimulation. The advent of optogenetic laboratory animals—whose motor neurons can be activated when illuminated with blue light—enables research into refining optical stimulation of the mammalian nervous system where subsets of nerve fibers within a nerve may be stimulated without embedding any device directly into the nerve itself. However, optical stimulation has a major drawback in that light is readily scattered and absorbed in tissue thereby limiting the depth with which a single emission source can penetrate. We hypothesize that the use of multiple, focused light emissions deployed around the circumference of a nerve can overcome these light-scattering limitations. To understand the physical parameters necessary to produce pinpointed light stimulation within a single nerve, we employed a simplified Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the size of nerves where this technique may be successful, as well as the necessary optical lens design for emitters to be used during future in vivo studies. By modeling multiple focused beams, we find that only fascicles within a nerve diameter less than 1 mm are fully accessible to focused optical stimulation; a minimum of 4 light sources is required to generate a photon intensity at a point in a nerve over the initial contact along its surface. To elicit the same effect in larger nerves, focusing lenses would require a numerical aperture $$> 1$$ > 1 . These simulations inform on the design of instrumentation capable of stimulating disparate motor neurons in mouse sciatic nerve to control hindlimb movement.Nicholas FritzDaniel GulickMark BaillyJennifer M. Blain ChristenNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Nicholas Fritz Daniel Gulick Mark Bailly Jennifer M. Blain Christen Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
description	Abstract Optogenetics presents an alternative method for interfacing with the nervous system over the gold-standard of electrical stimulation. While electrical stimulation requires electrodes to be surgically embedded in tissue for in vivo studies, optical stimulation offers a less-invasive approach that may yield more specific, localized stimulation. The advent of optogenetic laboratory animals—whose motor neurons can be activated when illuminated with blue light—enables research into refining optical stimulation of the mammalian nervous system where subsets of nerve fibers within a nerve may be stimulated without embedding any device directly into the nerve itself. However, optical stimulation has a major drawback in that light is readily scattered and absorbed in tissue thereby limiting the depth with which a single emission source can penetrate. We hypothesize that the use of multiple, focused light emissions deployed around the circumference of a nerve can overcome these light-scattering limitations. To understand the physical parameters necessary to produce pinpointed light stimulation within a single nerve, we employed a simplified Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the size of nerves where this technique may be successful, as well as the necessary optical lens design for emitters to be used during future in vivo studies. By modeling multiple focused beams, we find that only fascicles within a nerve diameter less than 1 mm are fully accessible to focused optical stimulation; a minimum of 4 light sources is required to generate a photon intensity at a point in a nerve over the initial contact along its surface. To elicit the same effect in larger nerves, focusing lenses would require a numerical aperture $$> 1$$ > 1 . These simulations inform on the design of instrumentation capable of stimulating disparate motor neurons in mouse sciatic nerve to control hindlimb movement.
format	article
author	Nicholas Fritz Daniel Gulick Mark Bailly Jennifer M. Blain Christen
author_facet	Nicholas Fritz Daniel Gulick Mark Bailly Jennifer M. Blain Christen
author_sort	Nicholas Fritz
title	Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
title_short	Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
title_full	Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
title_fullStr	Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
title_full_unstemmed	Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
title_sort	modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/4922f91b68b9475f87bd619016559d58
work_keys_str_mv	AT nicholasfritz modelingopticaldesignparametersforfinestimulationinsciaticnerveofoptogeneticmice AT danielgulick modelingopticaldesignparametersforfinestimulationinsciaticnerveofoptogeneticmice AT markbailly modelingopticaldesignparametersforfinestimulationinsciaticnerveofoptogeneticmice AT jennifermblainchristen modelingopticaldesignparametersforfinestimulationinsciaticnerveofoptogeneticmice
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Modeling optical design parameters for fine stimulation in sciatic nerve of optogenetic mice

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