<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality

The insect integument (exoskeleton) is an effective physiochemical barrier that limits disease-causing agents to a few portals of entry, including the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The bacterial biopesticide <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) enters the insect host via the mo...

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Autores principales:	Ivan M. Dubovskiy, Ekaterina V. Grizanova, Daria Tereshchenko, Tatiana I. Krytsyna, Tatyana Alikina, Galina Kalmykova, Marsel Kabilov, Christopher J. Coates
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	immunotoxicology ROS oxidative stress antioxidants midgut microbiome biocontrol Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/49ab8431585d41c18c2f09db4349808f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:49ab8431585d41c18c2f09db4349808f2021-11-25T19:08:31Z<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality10.3390/toxins131107462072-6651https://doaj.org/article/49ab8431585d41c18c2f09db4349808f2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/746https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651The insect integument (exoskeleton) is an effective physiochemical barrier that limits disease-causing agents to a few portals of entry, including the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The bacterial biopesticide <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) enters the insect host via the mouth and must thwart gut-based defences to make its way into the body cavity (haemocoel) and establish infection. We sought to uncover the main antibacterial defences of the midgut and the pathophysiological features of Bt in a notable insect pest, the Colorado potato beetle <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> (CPB). Exposing the beetles to both Bt spores and their Cry3A toxins (crystalline δ-endotoxins) via oral inoculation led to higher mortality levels when compared to either spores or Cry3A toxins alone. Within 12 h post-exposure, Cry3A toxins caused a 1.5-fold increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) within the midgut – key indicators of tissue damage. When Cry3A toxins are combined with spores, gross redox imbalance and ‘oxidation stress’ is apparent in beetle larvae. The insect detoxification system is activated when Bt spores and Cry3A toxins are administered alone or in combination to mitigate toxicosis, in addition to elevated mRNA levels of candidate defence genes (pattern-recognition receptor, stress-regulation, serine proteases, and prosaposin-like protein). The presence of bacterial spores and/or Cry3A toxins coincides with subtle changes in microbial community composition of the midgut, such as decreased <i>Pseudomonas</i> abundance at 48 h post inoculation. Both Bt spores and Cry3A toxins have negative impacts on larval health, and when combined, likely cause metabolic derangement, due to multiple tissue targets being compromised.Ivan M. DubovskiyEkaterina V. GrizanovaDaria TereshchenkoTatiana I. KrytsynaTatyana AlikinaGalina KalmykovaMarsel KabilovChristopher J. CoatesMDPI AGarticleimmunotoxicologyROSoxidative stressantioxidantsmidgut microbiomebiocontrolMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 746, p 746 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	immunotoxicology ROS oxidative stress antioxidants midgut microbiome biocontrol Medicine R
spellingShingle	immunotoxicology ROS oxidative stress antioxidants midgut microbiome biocontrol Medicine R Ivan M. Dubovskiy Ekaterina V. Grizanova Daria Tereshchenko Tatiana I. Krytsyna Tatyana Alikina Galina Kalmykova Marsel Kabilov Christopher J. Coates <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
description	The insect integument (exoskeleton) is an effective physiochemical barrier that limits disease-causing agents to a few portals of entry, including the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The bacterial biopesticide <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt) enters the insect host via the mouth and must thwart gut-based defences to make its way into the body cavity (haemocoel) and establish infection. We sought to uncover the main antibacterial defences of the midgut and the pathophysiological features of Bt in a notable insect pest, the Colorado potato beetle <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> (CPB). Exposing the beetles to both Bt spores and their Cry3A toxins (crystalline δ-endotoxins) via oral inoculation led to higher mortality levels when compared to either spores or Cry3A toxins alone. Within 12 h post-exposure, Cry3A toxins caused a 1.5-fold increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) within the midgut – key indicators of tissue damage. When Cry3A toxins are combined with spores, gross redox imbalance and ‘oxidation stress’ is apparent in beetle larvae. The insect detoxification system is activated when Bt spores and Cry3A toxins are administered alone or in combination to mitigate toxicosis, in addition to elevated mRNA levels of candidate defence genes (pattern-recognition receptor, stress-regulation, serine proteases, and prosaposin-like protein). The presence of bacterial spores and/or Cry3A toxins coincides with subtle changes in microbial community composition of the midgut, such as decreased <i>Pseudomonas</i> abundance at 48 h post inoculation. Both Bt spores and Cry3A toxins have negative impacts on larval health, and when combined, likely cause metabolic derangement, due to multiple tissue targets being compromised.
format	article
author	Ivan M. Dubovskiy Ekaterina V. Grizanova Daria Tereshchenko Tatiana I. Krytsyna Tatyana Alikina Galina Kalmykova Marsel Kabilov Christopher J. Coates
author_facet	Ivan M. Dubovskiy Ekaterina V. Grizanova Daria Tereshchenko Tatiana I. Krytsyna Tatyana Alikina Galina Kalmykova Marsel Kabilov Christopher J. Coates
author_sort	Ivan M. Dubovskiy
title	<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
title_short	<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
title_full	<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
title_fullStr	<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
title_full_unstemmed	<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality
title_sort	<i>bacillus thuringiensis</i> spores and cry3a toxins act synergistically to expedite colorado potato beetle mortality
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/49ab8431585d41c18c2f09db4349808f
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<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Spores and Cry3A Toxins Act Synergistically to Expedite Colorado Potato Beetle Mortality

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